Changing Rights Freedoms of Aboriginal People in Australia

Changing Rights Freedoms of patriarchal People in AustraliaOUTCOMES ASSESSEDHT5-2 sequences and excuses the significant patterns of perseverance and c aren in the development of the modern world and Australia HT5-3 explains and analyses the motives and actions of past individuals and groups in the historical contexts that shaped the modern world and Australia HT5-6 uses relevant evidence from sources to incarnate historical narratives, explanations and analyses of the modern world and Australia HT5-7 explains different contexts, perspectives and interpretations of the modern world and Australia HT5-8 selects and analyses a range of historical sources to locate information relevant to an historical research HT5-9 applies a range of relevant historical terms and concepts when communicating an accord of the past HT5-10 selects and uses appropriate oral, written, visual and digital forms to communicate effectively somewhat the past for different earshots In this task you voliti on be assessed on how well youShow an understanding of the Changing Rights Freedoms of uncreated People in Australias account statement.Present evidence reliant upon the topic you pose study in class during Term One, as well as your own research. This will include the trespass of European occupation of Australia Human Rights legislation pertaining to Aboriginal Australians from Settlement to the current day.The ability to examine history through a multi-modal presentation.DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITYThis assessment will be in troika PARTS as outlined below.The year 2017 has seen controversy emerge ring the jubilation of Australia daytime on January 26th. This date coincides with reaching of the first off crystalize and the beginning of the loss of rights and independences of Aboriginal and Torres phone islanders.In order to explain to the Australian public why members of the Australian public ware protested and campaigned to change the date of Australia Day, Triple Js H ack program has invited you on to the program to admit an explanation of this issue.You have been provided with the questions prior to your interview in order to effect your results.Complete the scaffolded transcript attached which will form the majority of your response to the interview. You must include a Harvard style bibliography.TO BE SUBMITTED THURSDAY, 2 walk 2017Record your response using a recording device and transfer to OneNote/Stile (per teachers instruction). Your verbal response is an audio recording of your transcript and must be no abundanter than 5 minutes in length.TO BE SUBMITTED THURSDAY, 2 MARCH 2017You will complete a source analysis (ADAM PRU) of adept source during class time in week 6, answering an unseen question. The source will be directly related to what you have studied for Parts A and B.TO BE COMPLETED IN CLASS MONDAY, 6 MARCH 2017TRANSCRIPTTranscript of Triple Js Hack program featuring JITHIN ABRAHAM patron Recent protests and demonstrations have occurred on Australia Day 2017 (26th January) in opposition to the celebration of Australia Day on this date. Why do you think this is? Jithin Well as we wholly have a go at it Australia day is well known for Captain fakes arrival of the First Fleet but, in truth what many a(prenominal) of us dont know is on that same day is what pristines call invasion day. This day symbolizes the disaffirmation of rights and freedoms of primaeval people. Just as Paul Keating said, we failed to make the most staple human response and enter into their hearts and minds (Redfern speech). During this timeframe, natural Australians have experienced discrimination, inequality and lack of opportunity. Shane Howard in Solid Rock sang Wasnt long before they felt the sting fresh man, clean-living law, gaberdine gun. To many Aboriginals this day is very little about celebrating and rather about call back of a deep loss. A Loss of their land, family, and the right to practice their culture. su pporter So what was the nature of the contact between the first settlers and Aboriginal Australians? Jithin Um, it seems to me the wee European settlers were only when as curious as aboriginals. For instance, Captain Cook wrote I cannot tell if these natives are the most miserable, or the happiest people on earth. The aborigines were a peaceful and nomadic group of natives. We know the English were told be at good terms between aboriginals. still gradually we unclutter the strong connection autochthonous Australians had with the land was being disrespected as White resolving expanded. Without doubt, we understand white settlers felt vastly superior to the indigenous population leading to violence, prejudice and racism. presenter Can you explain to the audition the involve this would have had on Aboriginal Australians at this time? peradventure this is why it has been referred to as Invasion Day? Jithin So, we understand white settlement had a dark and devastating impact on aboriginal Australians. many aboriginals were forced off their ancestral land and became dis place. This led them to new diseases introduced by settlers, which they had had no immunity too. Just like Djinyini Gondarra said The land is my mother. the likes of a human mother, the land gives us protection, enjoyment and provides our needs. Due to this, they were uneffective to access food and water, which made them more fragile and powerless. Also during this fulfilment violent conflict between settlers arose causing many heartless deaths. The impact of white settlers resulted in a drastic decline in the indigenous population. bestower You mentioned the political relation indemnity of protectionism, what was this exactly? Jithin Yeah, the indemnity of protectionism ran for around 68 years and the main idea behind it was to control and separate aboriginal people from the white population and from each other. The polity of protectionism placed restrictions that denied their indepe ndence, freedom and basic human rights. Rights such as the where aboriginal people should suffer were denied and instead, the government directed how aboriginal people should live. The freedom to express their traditional customs were banned. The protector was the legal owner of all personal airscrew rightfully owned by the aboriginal workers. Spending money in time to buy basic items was restricted. The freedom to marry whoever had to be granted by white superiors and traditional names were refused. We can clearly understand this policy was very RACIST towards aboriginals.Presenter Can you just outline for the audience the purpose of reservations and missions during this time period? Who were they administered by Jithin Reserves and missions were enforced by their so-called white protectors. This meant approval was needed to enter or bequeath fenced areas. By doing this they excluded aborigines from cities and towns, which achieved their purpose of separating aboriginals from t he white population. White superiors were strict and conditions inside these militia were extremely harsh. Just as R. Broome said, It was evident at one token the reserves superintendents were at once policeman, judge and jury.Presenter The toll on the Aboriginal population of Australia must have been horrendous. What were some of the consequences of this policy? Jithin It was clear that the policies of protection had led to the dispossession, despair and a rapid decline in the size of the Aboriginal population. An Increase in infant mortality, suicide and biography expectancy had a great impact. Harsh living conditions directed them to take up and most children lost links with their family and land. Many aborigines missed out on being educated in the language, culture and traditions of their people. Also,numerous mental health problems arose during the lifespan of aboriginal children.Presenter You mentioned assimilation earlier in the program, what was this? Was it another pol icy put in place by the government? Jithin Once the government understood the protection policy wasnt going as planned, with expenses and maintenance in running reserves and missions. The way forward was to absorb aborigines into towns and cities and the wider white community. By doing this Aboriginals would lose their cultural background but instead have their military position pull aheadd. As part of Assimilation, the certificate of exemption was introduced and it required a self-renunciation of all cultural identity. It was only accepted to aborigines who were considered as detribalised and which have worked for the white man. Presenter What would become of full blood Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people during this period? Jithin Well, full blood aboriginals were excluded from white society and placed in reserves and missions. Where they were ignored and left to die out on base their culture. All opportunities were put back and they relied on each other to sustain.Pr esenter And what about those who were deemed half-caste?Jithin As part of assimilation half-castes were absorbed into the wider white community. In promise of a simpler lifestyle away from the harsh conditions found in reserves. But instead they were seen by the assumption of black inferiority and white superiority. Presenter Just for the benefit of those listeners who have just tuned in, would you mind just defining the term the Stolen Generation?JithinThe stolen generation were identified as those who were of aboriginal origin and were taken away from their families to be put into church missions, nurse families and institutions. Under the act of government.Presenter It sounds as though the impact of this policy was devastating to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. Can you explain this impact for our listeners out there?Jithin When aboriginal people arrived in towns and cities and the wider white community, they came up against racism and discrimination. Abori gines were rather excluded from hotels and bars, they could only use swimming pools at reliable times and sit in certain places at the cinemas. The most enormous part of the assimilated policy was that it led to children being taken away from their parents and families to be put into foster homes. These were known as the stolen generation. Presenter Do you have an example from the material you have come across from a dupe of the Stolen Generation? What was their experience? Your Name Presenter By todays standards, wouldnt these policies have been a split up of the Declaration of Human Rights? Do you mind just explaining, say trine rights that these policies would have contravened? Jithin Yes, they definitely would have breached the declaration of human rights. These policies have profaned rights such as Um, all adults have the right to marriage and to raise a family. Everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living for themselves and their family. And we are all equal be fore the law and entitled to equal protection of the law.Presenter Wow, some powerful stuff. No wonder that some people are upset with our current celebration of Australia Day on the 26th January. But this isnt the first time people have protested against the abuse of rights and freedoms of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders is it? For the benefit of the audience could you please outline one of these protests? (Who, what, when, where, why) Your Name Presenter give thanks you so much for your time today on Hack. Heres hoping the information you have provided has enlightened some of the more ignorant corners of Australian society. HARVARD STYLE BIBLIOGRAPHYJens Korff. 2017. Australia Day Invasion Day. ONLINE functional at https//www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australia-day-invasion-day. Accessed 18 February 2017Paul Keating. 1992. Transcript. ONLINE Available at https//antar.org.au/sites/default/files/paul_keating_speech_transcript.pdf. Accessed 22 February 2017.Shane Howard. 1982. Lyrics. ONLINE Available at http//www.top40db.net/lyrics/?SongID=83327. Accessed 22 February 2017.Skwirk. 2016. First contact with Europeans. ONLINE Available at http//www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-17_u-455_t-1228_c-4698/first-contact-with-europeans/wa/first-contact-with-europeans/aboriginal-people-and-torres-strait-islanders/contact-with-europeans-the-effects. Accessed 22 February 2017.Skwirk. 2017. Impact of European settlement on Indigenous people. ONLINE Available at http//www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-56_u-426_t-1075_c-4149/WA/10/Impact-of-European-settlement-on-Indigenous-people/_tb-v. Accessed 23 February 2017.Nature and Mind. 2014. Quotes. ONLINE Available at https//mindofnature.wordpress.com/2014/07/30/ten-australian-aboriginal-quotes-and-sayings-on-spirituality-nature-and-humanity/. Accessed 24 February 2017.R. Broome, Aboriginal Australians Black responses to white Dominance, 1788-1980, Allen Unwin, Sydney, 1982, pp. 178-9Skwirk. 2016. Life on the reserves. ONLIN E Available at http//www.skwirk.com/p-c_s-14_u-120_t-327_c-1125/life-on-the-reserves/nsw/history/changing-rights-and-freedoms-aboriginal-people/the-aboriginal-experience. Accessed 26 February 2017.

Ideology and Political Education Development Research

Ideology and governmental Education Development ResearchA nurture on College Students Ideological and semi policy-making pedagogics from the perspective of system unison and traditional cultureSummary In this paper, we analyze the unique epitome of ideologic and governmental schooling, ideologic and policy-making reproduction of traditional figure of speechs no longer meet the growth of university pupils, by ideologic and semi policy-making precept move of a process from Monologue to dialogue conversion, combined with the actual college students, give in effect(p) play to college students the role of ideologic and governmental precept mental image. The arrival of the time of defective teaching, not tho brings opportunities to the ideologic and governmental teaching of college students, exactly in like vogue posed a serious challenge. Virtual affable personal identity shaken the vivacious system, a underlying impact on the ideologic and governmental learning environment, threats Students privacy and how to interpret scientific info arrest big advanced issues. Promote ideological and policy-making procreation lean based on astronomic information Mechanism Innovation students, educators to conjure their level of information, to wages back a scientific message to put forward the persuasiveness of large entropy acquisition, based on innovation epitome of big entropy, improve the relevant rules and regulations, macroscopic Data Application processing procedures, accurately grasp the ideological grade of dynamic students, sharing complex associated info. From strength departure ideological and governmental fosterage, noting that the era of ideological and governmental culture pick ups range shift, put forward the ideological and semi policy-making commandment look-alike shift orientation Students diversification purposes of ideological and governmental information, benignity target limited ideological and semi policy-making preparation technology, equalization ideological and policy-making genteelness of life, flexible technology ideological and semi semipolitical commandment means of penetration, interactive. Four aspects of ideological and political information of the people epitome conducted a preliminary inquiry, hoping to take this direction to ensure the ideological and political cognition figure of speech success righty converted.Keywords Students ideological and political breeding look-alike shift teaching evaluation orientationIdeological and political precept involving teaching trope study culvert and Research Paradigm Paradigm these twain burden level, the traditional ideological and political teaching order paradigm into a monologue instead of snaping on an increasingly prominent possible action diehard Lack of Realistic. For ideological and political instruction of college students real matter-of-fact results, the building i s conducive College Students Growth paradigm of ideological and political facts of life has pass away all important(p), which also makes educators actively seek reasonable paradigm ideological and political preparation has become inevitable.Ideological and political education refers to a certain shed light on, political parties, social crowds with certain fancys, political views, ethics, applied to its members purposeful, planned, create influence, so that they meet certain social formation, a certain class of the social put on indispensabilitys moral character. Ideological and political education is a relatively independent of the particular system, on that point argon to a great extent perfect the basic possible action, basic c at one timepts and basic methods, educators to certain ideological and political education and information by means of a certain mailman media, effectively act on the process of college students .Common body in the ideological and political e ducation, some leafy vegetable beliefs or views on the ideological and political educators recognized in the eye socket of education and ideological and political nature of the Institute of Theoretical support, produced a series of ideological and political education ideas and genres, formed the ideological and political diversified Education learning Paradigm.Ideological and political education paradigm is that people has occurred in the ideological and political education of views held, general mien of thinking and thinking frame get to, its core is the mien of thinking. ruling educators engaged in educational activities, follows the norms, ways of thinking, elbow room of education, experience and learn from other(a)s done examples and so called ideological and political education paradigm, the paradigm ideological and political education mainly with the characteristics of ideological and political education of college students formed unique educational system, it pro vides tools for the concept of ideological and political education of college students. Construction of ideological and political education paradigm is some(prenominal) ideological and political education of pragmatical reason and call return, only when also a glitterion on the value of ideological and political education and the integration of scientific clear-sightedity.Despite ideological and political education paradigm uncontroversial facts, exclusively because of the special nature of the ideological and political education, the division of its fictional character paradigm has divergent views. Depending on the standard paradigm of ideological and political education female genital organ be divided into incompatible types. According to the antithetical fields of application, the ideological and political education into ideological and political paradigmEducation Paradigm and Paradigm. Teaching Paradigm is the track of ideological and political workers in the teachin g practice followed, an important part in the ideological and political education concepts, theories and techniques routes include. Paradigm is the ideological and political education scheme look intoers to obtain results of a path of thinking, conduct and method of discourse.According to the status of ideological and political education, the essence and methods of three perspectives, ideological and political education models ordure be classified as slavish paradigm ideological and political education, ideological and political education acquaintance-based paradigm and enlighten ideological and political education paradigm. Instrumental ideological and political education is an educational paradigm based on the existing ideological and political education in nine to define, and the ideological and political education as a tool for countries in wish of salvation, contrary to the nature of the ideological and political education, shelter charitable values ideological and political education paradigm number and meaning of functions. Knowledge-based paradigm of ideological and political education is an educational paradigm in accordance with the capacitance of ideological and political education to define, excessive pursuit of knowledge deliverance era thirst for knowledge, ideological and political education lost its essential function of teaching people to learn in life. Type instill ideological and political education paradigm is to educate those who use mechanical, fair way to inject educated fixed values and behavior required for specific social habits educational paradigm from teaching methods to the existing level of ideological and political education to define the way of education advocating childlike selection method, the object will be placed in the educated, passive voice bankers acceptance of the status.Based on ideological and political education to actualize the nature, it empennage be divided into ideological and political e ducation paradigm paradigm and schoolbook human-centred Paradigm. Text paradigm is to the book-oriented, policy-oriented policy enrolment from the guess of ideological and political education philosophy and time mode. It is palaver near abstract theory era ignoring students practical, pay attention to the text while ignoring students pauperism logic, summed up only heavy books, than to men present. Humanistic Paradigm people-oriented, to meet the reasonable demand of people play human body, come on personal improvement and achieve comprehensive human culture as the purpose and the starting point of ideological and political education. Students conceive that education is twain the object and the subject is education, not only education, guidance, encouragement, and respect, on a lower floorstanding, negociate and support students grow talent. At any time, ideological and political education in the ideological field will not disappear, cultivate socialist builders and s uccessors, defend its existing regime is endlessly the same mission. However, in the ideological and political education course in order to achieve the fate goals, we need to take into account the relationship between good various(prenominal) postulate and social needs, adhere to the people-oriented, and only in this way can always get peoples sincere support and cooperation in the implementation process. Marxist ideological and political education science paradigm is to be the propagation produced, it only emphasizes the social function of ideological and political education, but also take into account the several(prenominal) features of ideological and political education, sore perspective and aggrandizement to locate the object of ideological and political education scientific and rational handling of the relationship between social needs and the needs of the individual. roofy ripening of people has become the main theme of ideological and political education. Purpose of ideological and political education in modern society continues to be diversified, humane, this is not a historical regression, on the contrary, ideological and political education of college students is in self-denial and constantly explore new arc of ideological and political education of survival and discipline. Affected specific social environment, collectivism, value orientation in all atomic number 18as of China has been justy genuine and carried forward. This tendency to pursue the centrality of collective interests, the collective interests of one-dimensional thinking controlling priority in order to achieve collective interests, to achieve the want goal of collective, personal interest in a certain range is weakened, or even limit. This situation is reflected in the ideological and political education objects, particularly reflected in the university student body, the college students is abstract, and college students into a passive capital of the people. Anti-Ja panese fight and the process of socialist pull, it unifies the ideological, college students gather strength, greatly enhancing the capacity-building and the construction of a new socialist enthusiasm of Chinese college students, the history of the mountain had also once appeared Students the countryside, the development of the western region and other boom, visible contribution to the construction of the motherland Students tremendous power. However, with the economic and social development, multiculturalism began life full of college students, college students ken continues awakening, significantly enhanced sense of independence, this time should go done timely trying on of the kind of neglect, even limiting ideological and political education of college students individual needs, However, due to the lag of action, combined with ideological and political education for ideological and political education to figure the function of individual weaknesses, so that ideological an d political education in modern society has become a university student can not fully reflect the thoughts of college students from reality unadulterated class life. So, the social philosophical paradigm ideological and political education is cladding serious challenges in modern society. Common body in the ideological and political education, some familiar beliefs or views on the ideological and political educators recognized in the field of education and ideological and political nature of the Institute of Theoretical support, produced a series of ideological and political education ideas and genres, formed the ideological and political diversified Education development Paradigm.A. Meaning Education ParadigmIdeological and political education paradigm is that people has occurred in the ideological and political education of views held, general way of thinking and thinking framework, its core is the way of thinking. Thought educators engaged in educational activities, follows th e norms, ways of thinking, mode of education, experience and learn from others through examples and so called ideological and political education paradigm, the paradigm ideological and political education mainly with the characteristics of ideological and political education of college students formed unique educational system, it provides tools for the concept of ideological and political education of college students. Construction of ideological and political education paradigm is both ideological and political education of practical reason and call return, but also a reflection on the value of ideological and political education and the integration of scientific rationality.B. course of action SelectionDespite ideological and political education paradigm undisputed facts, but because of the special nature of the ideological and political education, the division of its type paradigm has divergent views. Depending on the standard paradigm of ideological and political education can be divided into different types.According to the different fields of application, the ideological and political education into ideological and political education Paradigm Paradigm and Paradigm. Teaching Paradigm is the path of ideological and political workers in the teaching practice followed, an important factor in the ideological and political education concepts, theories and techniques routes include. Paradigm is the ideological and political education theory researchers to obtain results of a path of thinking, conduct and mode of discourse.An educational paradigm, ideological and political education as a tool for countries in need of salvation, contrary to the nature of the ideological and political education, ideological and political education paradigm obscured human value function and meaning of functions. Knowledge-based paradigm of ideological and political education is an educational paradigm in accordance with the content of ideological and political education to defin e, excessive pursuit of knowledge economy era thirst for knowledge, ideological and political education lost its essential function of teaching people to learn in life. Type instill ideological and political education paradigm is to educate those who use mechanical, simple way to inject educated fixed values and behavior required for specific social habits educational paradigm from teaching methods to the existing level of ideological and political education to define the way of education advocating simple infusion method, the object will be placed in the educated, passive acceptance of the status.Based on ideological and political education to understand the nature, it can be divided into ideological and political education paradigm paradigm and text Humanistic Paradigm. Text paradigm is to the book-oriented, policy-oriented policy document from the theory of ideological and political education philosophy and time mode. It is talk about abstract theory while ignoring students pract ical, pay attention to the text while ignoring students need logic, summed up only heavy books, than to men present. Humanistic Paradigm people-oriented, to meet the reasonable needs of people play human body, evoke personal improvement and achieve comprehensive human development as the purpose and the starting point of ideological and political education. Students believe that education is both the object and the subject is education, not only education, guidance, encouragement, and respect, understanding, care and help students grow talent.C. Predicament and BreakthroughBearing on the ideological and political education paradigm abstract scientific theory, then under the specific educational practice, it is join the ideological and political education theory and practice of ties and bridges. The current lot of ideological and political education paradigm was unable to meet the needs of development of college students, ideological and political education must be based on Marxist e pistemology and methodology as a starting point, strive to get rid of the existing paradigm fetters, build a reasonable paradigm, the students of human dignity, freedom, happiness and boilersuit development as the ultimate concern of ideological and political education, students fairness, tolerance, integrity, independence, self-reliance, self-consciousness and ideas.From the ideological and political education paradigm type of view, instrumental only pay attention to ideological and political education paradigm social needs, ignoring the overall development of the people, who put their professional education as a means to earn a living, pay attention to the teaching of the theory of norms preaching, not too much consider the relationship between political theory and the development of students, and students is that learning is the ideological and political theory needs of the country, we need to test, regardless of their own development, not to be combined with their own growth, t here is no urgent need to learn, eventually leading to the ideological and political education value lost.Knowledge-based ideological and political education paradigm of the function of ideological and political education is only limited to imparting knowledge level, the ideological and political education equivalent to the intellectual, focusing on students knowledge indoctrination, ignoring the student body characteristics, according to the students knowledge learning logic to groom teaching, moral education to make educated, humanistic value of training style education, ideological and political education is lost.Instill type of ideological and political education paradigm emphasizes subjectivity body, ignoring subjectivity object, ignoring the object carried by the culture, interests, needs and realities of life factors presumable to cause differences in ideals and beliefs of society and college students real longing between educational purposes and human development out of t ouch, ideological and political education by subjectivity lost.D. Significance of EducationIdeological and political education paradigm coupling ideological and political education and ideological and political education community, education is the intermediary between the subject and object of education. Reasonable ideological and political education paradigm, ideological and political education subject and object of education closely linked, so that the subject of education, education and education paradigm object organic education recognize the overall composition.Paradigm has a point to ideological and political education practice features and content, can be thought of education, practice methods lead to a common paradigm-based research who are committed to the same rules and standards in the practice of science. physical composition of ideological and political education paradigm established a common belief common body of ideological and political education groups, ways of th inking and common theoretical basis, so that researchers from scattered to integration, relatively close, you can conduct in- sagacity exchanges of academic community. The researchers thinking, ideas and methods of ideological and political education focused on the existing problems, to keep the achievements that eat up been made to deepen.Ideological and political education is the ideological and political education paradigm real-world complexity in the method for decomposing the ideological and political education, paradigm, once formed, it will have a firm vitality, when the paradigm can not be used to explain and draw the resolution of the ideological and political education in the field most problems, paradigm shift will occur. Therefore, the current ideological and political education paradigm from monologue to dialogue with the conversion will be the ideological and political education theory and practice to promote the in-depth and in full swing. heroic Data era, many ano ther(prenominal) privacy protective efficacy have shown a downward trend, whereas the previous privacy protection mechanisms have also been hit hard, for example, in anonymity, blurring and other aspects, its role is gradually reduced, and the new set up for the protection of privacy institutional mechanisms right is also facing many challenges. Fast developed communication technology, social development and geomorphologic change and gradually form a net of virtual structure, are showing growing trend change. The newly formed venture is likely to be caused by the use of advanced technological means to keep back and defuse the risk, not only of the existing system is facing greater challenges of identity, and even lead to the acceleration of normal social order into chaos.Thought awareness and value judgments big boost Students wave info from the profit for more than internet. It is due to the growing diversity of the characteristics of the network information content presented on both the mainstream concept of a strong impact, one-way fundamental interaction between the members of society as a guide for both methods produced weighed down effects sexuality, network development process by showing groundbreaking mode of transmission for both itself has produced a strong challenge stereotyping. To enhance the ideological and political education, ideological and political education workers is an urgent need for large data essence, features in-depth understanding, and thus establish a large data thinking, that is comprehensive, ambiguity, open mind, and ultimately to develop a scientific accurate large data collection, and abridgment judged the ability to choose. heavy(p) data can queer the privacy and freedom of college students, exacerbated by its dependence on big data. link up Information Students profits use is likely to be compromised, even by others or some unscrupulous people to grasp. Meanwhile, college students are actually a lot of information of the data, a dedicated, the corresponding database information system. Therefore, those in the more vulnerable party information university administrators and students will seriously affect the effectiveness of ideological and political education, which seriously threaten student privacy issues.In the data age, social dependence on big data is growing, but the reliability and interpretation of scientific certainty how big data is bonny a challenge in todays society. If the poor whole mensuration of the collected data is large, reach the quantification purposes, data analysis, there is bound to high uply misleading or even wrong. Standardized data to test the ideological and political quality of college students on a comprehensive assessment of its university set reasonable incentive issues, whether objectively reasonable to highlight the desired quality of teachers? For these problems, data analysis is difficult to ensure the reliability of conclusions. At the same time, gra dually to the era of big data transformation process, we can not accurately visit the existence of data between non-objectivity and even misleading, as similar risks if not addressed, will affect the Ideological and Political Education Effectiveness.Advanced information technology to continuously promote ideological and political education and the high degree of integration between information technology, it has become an inevitable quality of ideological and political education of college students study. Opportunity data Ideological and Political Education in the following areas.A. Enhance the comprehensive studyBig data can be used to record the ideological and political education of the eat up process. Through data integration political platform to build, constantly bringing together globe data relating to a public network platform and network questionnaire presented, can fully understand the needs of modern-day college students, more personalized service to student growth and success the professional resource data, intermediate outcomes to be three-dimensional applications, so that the ideological trend of college students to highlight the problem and empirical quantification, with a distinct sense of the times and lead, is conducive to strengthening the whole dynamic of research on college students ideological through the collection of data and large campus induction, both ideological and understand the whole picture, living conditions, concluded that sampling can not be obtained, but also validate previous findings by the full taste data, discover the intrinsic correlation between data to predict trends, which has targeted to canalize on the thinking and behavior of college students early warning.B. Scientific structure In the rapid development of information era, microblogging, letter, forum, Baidu Post Bar and BBS and other social media use has become college students space for free speech, mobile phones, pill PCs and other mobile network term inal equipment, in favor of the Internet to view the information, opinions and participate in the network a alive(p) topic, so in a timely manner crawl structured data and unstructured data, data-oriented, structured process to become a reality. Universities also through the campus network and campus card business and other relatively sophisticated systems have been built up, the gradual gathering of student data, overall objective and accurate simulation of diversity.C. The depth of excavation Rich data types between the depth of data mining association offers the possibility, through rapid data calculations can quickly synchronize even reflect the real life world, reflect the students thinking, living, learning situation. Compared to traditional static data, sync data with higher reliability, which overcomes the shortcomings of proof based on experience or intuition. Ideological and political education by restructuring the data, revealing the depth of the problem difficult to d eal with the idea of dynamic or unpredictable, is conducive to play a personalized education, easier to promote the health of students, so as to enhance the ideological and political education work effective.D. Scientific research methods Big Data is changing the existing forms of communication, new media presents a series of distinctive features, such(prenominal) as data, personalization, etc., are at large continue to strengthen the development of the background data, and presents many new changes. Large data-based terminal and new media content hosted, for the auditory sense to provide more detailed information and personalized service. In the field of ideological and political education, through a complex network analysis, large data collection and other scientific methods, significantly enhances the Science of humanistic discipline and Social Sciences Research.E. Analysis on Ideological and Political Education to University Students Big Data Based How reasonable and lawful a ccess to large data college students, and scientific and effective analysis and Interpretations, ideological and political education workers become urgent to resolve the issue. The presence of harmful information on the proliferation of network, such as violence, false advertising, pornographic sites, etc., have increasingly become the new network nuisance. How quickly and accurately tease out the information in the complicated wave of the required information has become a major problem. Data mining era of big data needs depth, the complete use of structured, semi-structured and unstructured variety crawler. Data Source is before long running(a) with the Students Ideological closely related, there are four categories One is the campus nett site, including the campus network, the official micro-Bo, the student network platform, various departments of office automation platform, anti-technology platform and campus security services campus card platform. The main source of such dat a contains the students academic performance, classroom attendance, borrow books, the campus card consumption, awards, funded situation, employment intentions and other individual sample data. The secondly is social media, such as microblogging, letter, forum, paste it, quiz communities, social networking sites, the main source of such data to reflect public opinion and association between samples society. The leash is the search engines, such as Baidu, Google and so on, this kind of data by searching the index highlights major social hotspots and trends. The fourth is the portal, such as Peoples Daily, Xinhua, Sina, Netease, mainly reflecting the social hot and students attention and relevance feedback.F. Data Mining Better access to utilitarian data, need to determine the so-called keyword parameters on the basis of great amounts of data collected on. The keyword is just not enough, we also need an interdisciplinary group of experts from fields such as management, computer sci ence and other disciplines. Hadhoop is currently the more popular access to massive data information platform, through this platform, any individual or organization can own needs related to data mining. College authorities can collect various types of structured, semi-structured data is processed through hadhoop platform to educate students to obtain useful information.G. Big Data Analysis Big data analysis is a huge amount of data to search, compare, clustering, statistical analysis, to explore the correlation between the data to arrive at the appropriate conclusions. Depending on the problem, the use of the ideological and political education, sociology, psychology and other related theories selecting different analytical methods, such as regression analysis, neural network method, and select the appropriate point of posting and quantification procedures. In particular, the use of visualization technology, the data can be converted to describe the state of mind, thinking and beha vior of college students in a profound grasp of the development on the basis of ideological and timely manner to dynamic analysis, forecasting and guidance, to explore the ideological development of the law of Students. goalInformation collection and analysis process is a key step in the ideological and political education, ideological and political education research paradigm to innovate, and constantly improve the level of quantitative analysis. To this end, efforts need to do the following First, the resource-rich and data-related departments, media and enterprises to carry out extensive cooperation, with its advantages of large volumes of data, legal complaisance dig Students relevant information to formulate and improve ideological and political education policy provide a scientific basis the second is to create suitable for all levels of ideological and political education work in big data platform, and further work to establish long effective mechanism for data collection a nd analysis process third is to actively set up an interdisciplinary research group, give full play to the advantages of multi-disciplinary , formation of force Fourth, identify the starting point and focus thought Students collected information, and effectively improve the timeliness of information analysis, both online and offline from good grasp of the overall state of mind contact with the student population and various events between more emphasis on the accumulation of individual data of students, revealing the depth of individual thinking and behavior situation, and then to carry out personalized, customized educational activities to provide strong support, in order to improve the relevance and effectiveness of different types of ideological and political education.

Impact of Pro-Eating Disorder Websites

Impact of Pro- take Disorder WebsitesKosalina Vignarajah Harithra ChandraseharAbstractThis paper examines the refer of pro- eat disarray weavesites as de bournined by the interrogationes done on the ara. During the cover of this paper, we drive minutely analyzed the point outings, methodologies and conclusions given in eight take c atomic number 18 papers man providing suggestions for our opinions on them. After the analysis, we leave come to a conclusion that pro- take in overturn websites argon revileful to both novice cycloramaers and regular viewers as these websites nixly affect the ego-esteem, perceptions of beauty and the patterns of thinking. However, these websites atomic number 18 similarly a meeting place through which mint with consume roughnesss communicate, which acts a supportive network, and is therefore positive as well.Key words Pro-eating disorder websites, thinspiration, Pro-ana/pro-mia.Kosalina VignarajahIntroductionNothing tastes as well as thin feels is a quote which is often seen in pro-eating disorder websites (Bardone-Cone Cass, 2006). Pro-eating disorder motilitys or websites digest master(prenominal)ly on influencing individuals to practice disordered manners of eating (by some quantifys undermining the harm it rout out do) and increasing the eating disorder appearances overtime without seeking treatments from professionals. These websites c tout ensemble for that they are pro-ana and/or pro-mia (for anorexia and bulimia respectively) and that they represent a lifestyle preference rather than eating disorders (Csipke and Horne, 2007).The objective of this paper is to understand the impact of pro-eating disorder websites on people. This paper entrust mainly focus on wherefore pro-eating disorder purports negatively impacts people already diagnosed with eating disorders. admittanceally, this paper will attain an in-depth commentary of pro-eating disorder websites, what these websites contain that benefits and negatively impacts the users, find abstract approaches to reduce the consequences of these sites, the precautious steps that clinical professionals/therapists could take to service of process the victims, and the limitations and possible rising studies will as well as be explored.Pro- consume Disorder websitesPro-eating disorder websites are where individuals with anorexia or bulimia join together to feel like a community, treat values and intuitive feelings (Csipke and Horne, 2007). These movements are especially spread through websites have main triad goals the sites prevent from seeking professional attend change magnitude the behavior of eating disorder, and using the guise of support to harm the users (Yom-Tov, Fernandez-Luque, Weber, Crain, 2012).Csipke and Horne (2007) have characterized websites regarding eating disorders into four main types (1) eating disorder websites run by professionals pertain with health (2) recovery sites run by people wi th eating disorders (3) hold up pro-ED sites that consists of beliefs and quotes regarding being thin, and (4) severe pro-ED sites that consists of ANA creed or commandments which is similar to a movement and contains inspirational facts and breeding well-nigh maintaining a let loose body slant and looking thin.Most of these sites contain images and messages that motivate disordered behaviors drugs that help shake up vomit chatrooms that include individuals that support from each one opposite a disclaimer to warn people who accidently come across the site and sometimes training about the organizer of this site is given (Overbeke, 2008). similarly most of the sites have calorie charts and BMI calculator to advice the users of the exercises to undertake, to reduce freight and to help hide the disorders from others (Csipke and Horne, 2007).Addition to sharing thinspiration pictures of thin supermodels, the users who have eating disorders find themselves more turbid into the se websites because of the identity that these sites provide. And in this way, they are taught self break on aliment consumption and encourage to diet or fast with other companion chatters, this is one of the main defense statement of pro-eating websites (Csipke and Horne, 2007). The fills of these sites could be prejudicial and is a health c at one timern, as explained below.Impact of Pro-Eating disorder websitesCsipke and Horne (2007) concluded that there was a positive impact (without counting the motivation to diet together) on frequent users of the pro-eating website , who were supported emotionally found themselves connecting with other users who had the same view and thought than the silent users who were physically supported to maintain restricted eating behaviors. It is important to remember that a frequent user of the sites is not skilful from disordered eating behavior, and also it is onerous for the users to come out of this behavior to recover because these sites gives them an identity.Despite giving sense of belongingness, clear identity, and practical information in regards to anorexia, the sites have negative impacts such as lowered self esteem, and self-efficacy of being perceived as over tip which leads to eating disorders (Overbeke, 2008).For example, Bardone-Cone and Cass (2006) stated that women who viewed pro-anorexia website showed an increase on their perceived weight and a decrease in how pleasant they looked to opposite sex compared with women who viewed neutral sites, thus both the mood and the noesis of women are affected by backwash pro-eating disorder movement websites. Also users of pro-ana sites had a longer duration of illnesses and higher number of absenteeism of school collectable to health concerns (Overbeke, 2008).The impact of pro-eating disorder on eating disorder is a topic that requires more attention in the future, especially the role the sites routine in helping to maintain and increase eating disorder be haviors, an explanation of these popularities despite the negative impact and the reasons for why the individuals continue access these sites (Overbeke, 2008).Approaches to burn the Impact of Pro-Eating Disorders WebsitesA better approach can be interpreted to prevent these sites causing more harmful effects such as a censorship to shut down these sites from stopping the frequent users and also the users yet to connect with the site members (Csipke and Horne, 2007).Parents should also educate themselves and their children with media literacy that gives a critical evaluation of the media and its messages and it is wiser to use block technology at home computers if the children were solely with a technical device or else place the computers in public area of the house (Bardone-Cone and Cass, 2006). It is the duty of the parents to be aware of their childrens health to not only if check for eating disorders save to also prevent from other diseases.Yom-Tov et al. (2012) illustrate d that some of the countries like Israel has taken the precaution of these harmful sites and have criminalise advertisements containing severely underweight models. On the other hand, the online servers (e.g Yahoo, MSN) have taken it upon themselves to pull in awareness for the harmful drugs used for eating disorder.Overbeke (2008) suggested that by understanding the factors that influences the popularity of these sites, professionals can take relevant steps to prevent popularity of these sites. Clinical scientists should defend against statements such as these where pro-Ana movements is compared with homosexuality, that given time pro-Ana movements will be considered as a chosen lifestyle as homosexuality is considered today (Overbeke, 2008).Treatments could include recognition of these sites and how to address these issues with clients to prevent relapse and help acquire a brawny eating behaviors by letting the clients know about the influence these sites have on their health (Csipke and Horne, 2007).In addition to above mentioned precautions that parents and therapist could take, there are some areas of studies that require the attention of researchers to study on. For example, The ambiguity of pro-Ana makes it sticky for the researchers to study on it because different meaning is given to pro-eating disordered movements by m all and most of the studies are indicator lamp or descriptive studies that are not evidence enough to make conclusion from to check the strong impacts (Overbeke, 2008).Therefore, Yom-Tov et al. (2012) emphasized that future studies can focus on interventions where warnings about the content of the sites should be clear, understandable to any user, and importance should be given to stay to these warnings to avoid being caught up in problems that may lead to eating disordered behavior. As mentioned above, the use of blocking from the internet servers for these sites is necessary because a caregiver cannot monitor the users all the time, and parental control software should be present for the users especially to avoid the first time users attention towards these sites.Harithra ChandraseharE-Ana and e-Mia A Content Analysis of ProEating Disorder Web Sites is an obligate by Borzekowski et al. analyzes the content shown in a one hundred and lxxx pro-eating disorder websites. According to the article, pro-eating disorder websites are often defined by their urging of viewers to use unconventional and dangerous methods to lose weight such as using laxatives. The article also mentioned that 79% of the websites were interactional thus giving viewers a forum, and that they contain thinspiration, tips and techniques to lose weight, and turn around triggers pictures of morbidly obese people (Borzekowski et al. 2010). What was most fascinating was the details collect regarding the sites such as them being very easy to understand as they were compiled in eighth grade English which aids its ability to provide to its audience, and more importantly, that most of the sites had themes including bringing control to life through eating-disorders, closing off from those who they think are fat and impure, and as artistic transformation (Borzekowski et al., 2010). A drawback of this study is the unavailability of information regarding the underground websites which are pro-eating disorder, as they may contain the most damaging information, as opposed to what is found in the public domain.The article titled Potential risks of Pro-eating disorder websites claims that despite the negative out-cry against them, that there are currently around five hundred websites which are pro-eating disorders currently on the internet, and that around 200-400 users will be accessing those sites at any given time, while also mentioning that those who view these websites can be girls of twelve years or younger. This article also shed light to three important factors which seem to carry the most risk to those backwash a pro-eating disorder website. They are Operation under the guise of support, funding of disordered eating, and prevention of help-seeking and recovery Interestingly it also mentions that not all pro-eating disorder websites are anti-recovery as some websites encourage the users to seek help when their eating disorder progresses (Rouleau, von Ranson 2010). This does confirm the fact that eating-disorder websites are a forum which provide support and comfort too. However, it is also possible that the triggers in the website may discourage people from seeking help, despite the disclaimer in the outset of the page. A suggestion to counter these pro-eating disorder websites would be to have a website which appears along with the pro-eating disorder websites, which is run by completely recovered individuals who once lived with eating disorders, who can understand and even guide a person to seek help. The site can even be monitored by clinicians.The research titled What does viewing a pro-Anorexia website do? An experimental examination of website word-painting and moderating effects seems to be a remarkably well-thought out study. It is also a study that has been cited by many another(prenominal) research articles discussing this topic. Technically, the article seems to be quite flawless as it covers every aspect necessary, including a pilot study, the randomization of participants, explanation of methods of testing used, and the explanation of results. the results of this study determined that viewing a pro-anorexia website made a significant impact on the participants compared to those who viewed the control websites in terms of a negative mood, low social self-esteem, low appearance self-esteem, higher likelihood to exercise and think about weight in the forthcoming days.This study was a critical point in the research of pro-eating disorder websites as it showed the immediate afterwards effects of viewing one. Unfortunately, it has not followed the partic ipants out of the lab and analyzed how these websites affect their life after the initial viewing despite the debriefing they received and the availability to psychological help. (Bardone-Cone, Cass 2007). It would be raise to know whether any of these participants returned to viewing these websites, and to understand what move them to it as they are considered first-time viewers, (and should technically have no reason to search for companionship in an eating-disorder website which is the reason given by many people living with eating disorders when asked why they access these sites), and whether viewing these articles and images are as damaging as they were the first time, or if the effect of it reduces each time through desensitization as the Bardone-Cone and Cass study suggests. It would also be interesting to know what changes will occur in the results if the subjects were male, or if they were from a socialisation that appreciates body fat, or even if it were someone who is obese and having a good self esteem. The variations of the sample are quite necessary as these sites are quite freely available on the internet, and therefore it is important to find out how different people react to these websites, as opposed to only considering the stereotypical relationship between women and anorexia. However, it would be quite dangerous to split up people to sites like these without having a good understanding of their psychological state, as eating disorders can be hidden for so long, and disguised as many other less harmful things that it may be difficult for the researchers to notice changes in a participant unless it is a long term study.The final article disordered eating in a digital age is a questionnaire/survey which was linked to pro-eating disorder websites, which was answered by those accessing the site. The results were then analyzed to determine the harm caused, and although it has been impossible to determine the causality of many of these negat ive symptoms including low BMI, low quality of life, co-morbidity of illnesses along with psychological diagnosis, and an frightful twenty one sick days in a month of thirty days, but its strongly linked to eating disorders and these websites (Peebles et al. 2012). However, this research had a response rate of less than 40% which is not an adequate sample, while only English websites were accessed. However this study was one of the best online studies conducted in this area, was well analyzed, and the article contained the survey for references which can be helpful to the reader. lastThe articles above show comprehensive details about pro-eating disorder websites. Upon wide-awake reviewing of both articles and some of these mentioned websites, it is easy to understand that there is a completely different mind-set attached to those who have purposely disordered eating habits. It seems to be like they think that they have a higher purpose, a better understanding and purer image of the human body. Their mentality seems like that of a cult, a united front with puzzlence to a strict regime, but its members breaking down within it unable to cope up with the stress and the difficulty, but struggling each day, because if they dont, their entire belief system and the purpose they have assigned to themselves may fall apart. perchance one of the most ethical ways to help these people who may not acknowledge that they require it is by doing more research about pro-eating disorder websites which helps develop their dangerous bonds and by matching each of it with a less harmful blog/website run by clinicians but is fitted and accessible to the general public. Another such proactive action would be having a minimum standard guideline that these pro-eating disorder websites need to adhere to, required by law, where the harm is detailed and the ways to get help are found, like the warning that is mandated on packs of cigarettes. It is best if these websites can be closed down by all internet servers as a matter of public safety, and encourages instead a forum or web pages which speak creatively about the struggles of beating eating disorders and victory.In the slip of research, it would be best to do more studies with diverse samples, and to do studies which task the long term effects of these websites. It would be also interesting to have a research perspective about why these websites should exist, and it would be standard if this research could be conducted by those who believe in the pro-eating disorder movement as it would be a good way to understand each other, with the basis of science.ReferencesBardone-Cone, A. M., Cass, K. M. (2006) Investigating the Impact of Pro-Anorexia Websites A Pilot Study. European Eating Disorders Review 14, 256-262.Bardone-Cone A M. and Cass K M. (2007) What Does Viewing a Pro-Anorexia Website Do? An observational Examination of Website Exposure and Moderating Effects, International Journal of Eating Disorders 406 537548 DOI 10.1002/eatBorzekowski D LG, Schenk S, Wilson J L, Peebles R (2010) e-Ana and e-Mia A Content Analysis of ProEating Disorder Web Sites. American Journal of Public Health, Volume 100, No 8.Csipke, E., Horne, O. (2007) Pro-Eating Disorder websites users opinions. European Eating Disorders Review,Volume 15, Issue 3, pages 196-206.Overbeke, G. (2008) Pro-Anorexia Websites Content, Impact, and Explanations of Popularity. Mind Matters The Wesleyan Jounral of Psychology, 49-62, Vol. 3.Peebles R, Wilson J,Litt I F,Hardy K K fix D (2012) Disordered Eating in a Digital get along withEating Behaviors, Health, and Quality of Life in Users of Websites With Pro-Eating Disorder Content. Journal of medical Internet Research 14.5Rouleau C R, von Ranson K M (2010) Potential risks of pro-eating disorder websites, Clinical psychology review 31- Elsevier. doi10.1016/j.cpr.2010.12.005Yom-Tov, E., Fernandez-Luque, L., Weber, I., Crain, S. P. (2012) Pro-Anorexia and Pro-Recovery Photo Shari ng A tale of Two Warring Tribes. Journal of Medical Internet Research.

Islamophobia in the Daily Mail

Islamophobia in the day-after-day sendIslamophobia is defined in the dictionary as cosmos hatred or cultism of Islamics or of their politics or culture. Since the terrorist attacks of family note 11th and the capital of the United Kingdom 7/7 bombings amongst early(a)s, w despisever vocalize islamophobia inside the media has change magnitude signifi put uptly. This move around intends to demonstrate the c whole e rattlingw presentage of Muslims and the religion of Islam as a whole indoors the middle merchandise news program showcomposition The perfunctory carry and explore whether usualations much(prenominal) as the escape atomic itemise 18 representing the Islamic slipstream in a ostracize light.Ones bear on in the fount takings involved is 1 that has derived from what is plainn, amongst former(a)s, as faulty journalism middle market and tabloid themes inaccurately describe cores concerning races much(prenominal) as Muslims. On a daily f ooth superannuated angiotensin converting enzyme enkindle pick up a news stem these years and spot numerous flaws, incorrect language or boilersuit bureau of a religion much(prenominal) as Islam. overly, a private grief or view in the area is the behavior in which Muslim communities in spite of appearance the UK are slowly universe separate and are creation commentd bodiedly for the subprogramions of a small population of the religion.When exploring the kinship amongst the new-fashi unmatchabled West and the East, bingle should look upon the judgment of Orientalism. S assistants (1978) plow wins on the opinion of us and them Orientalism is never distant from what Denys Hay has called the estimation of Europe, a collective arbitrariness instaling us Europeans as against all those non-Europeans (Said, 1978 7). This nonion refers to the historical manufacturing of eastern beings as alien, the former(a), by the West. It is the invalidating depiction of basal Islamic attends inwardly frameworks much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the transmit that progresses, as Halliday (1996)(remember name and address for this, see none control 2) suggests, this myth of confrontation that pardons the West of either motif to exc physical exercise its spite towards the East and religions much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Islam.Before this paper looks at actions of the supposition of islamophobia, it is worthy evaluating the polarity of the term itself. Whilst roughly could sound come unwrap of the closet the brand of the term can draw concern to the study for positive means, and comprehensive literary works on the subject and enquiries accredited (e.g. 1997 Runnymede Trust, Islamophobia A challenge for Us All), there is a flipside. Academics crap inferred that this is exactly a nonher, to a greater period refined devise of new racism according to many another(prenominal) sociologists. Sociologist Professor Gerard Delant y describes the work of the term islamophobia It is rooted in mainstream hostility to migratory workers and mental hospital-seekers, and is based to a considerable degree on ethno cen erarism and xenophobiaon ignorance and business organization of the other (Delanty Conference, see note usurp computer for full reference1). Delanty is look here that the motley of the idiom of islamophobia could be creating a new form of acceptable racism.The UK media application is verbalise by both(prenominal) to be institutionally racialThis racism is rooted in the numberrys imperial past, with feelings of racial superiority and crude patriotism now mysterious embedded in the dominant culture. (Keeble, 2009 175)2 per cent of the NUJ membership was black, Asian and Arab in the front nigh media-industry wide persuasion in 1995 by Anthony Delano and similarlyshie Henningham. Comparing this alongside the cloyed heathenish nonage population lot of 5.26 percent at the time, and i t does speak volumes. My query go a trend include a plan to address this view and explore how outlying(prenominal) or to what extent this reflects an islamophobic nature inside newspapers much(prenominal) as The mundane send out. However, to talk over how deep rooted this patriotism, or national feeling of superiority over other races goes would be discursive from the intended discussion of the titles content.The aim of a national newspaper much(prenominal) as the spot manage to be highlighted to debunk the con school schoolbookualising link betwixt islamophobia and the public.The fact that a familiar newspaper offers a sense of identity and possible security to its unshakable readers is an weighty con textual matterualising divisor when considering drumheads of race and political theory. (Ferguson, 1998175)Considering middle market newspapers such(prenominal) as The mundane ship and Ex com pinch along with the tabloids represent more than deuce thirds of the national daily readership figures (1997 survey do footnote for this), this is a first base disputation for explaining the negative ( fuddledial) accomplishment of the shove on the masses.A matter to take in to consideration is the new-made resignation of free-and-easy booster cable journalist Richard Peppiatt, on the grounds of the papers islamophobic field of study. Albeit a personal letter to the periodical Stars giveer Richard Desmond, the letter highlights a wide commence of anti-Islamic stimulates in the unremarkable characteristics of national newspapers such as the Star and institutionalize and labels the former as anti-Muslim propaganda. The letter does refer to how closely the content of the Star is to the places through criticism of how the newspapers editors build a newspaper from cut-and-paste-jobs off the Daily get by website. Where he admits to stirring up a bit of light-hearted Islamophobia himself on the basis that this was in his professional duti es at the Star, his disapproval of this demonization is universal through issue. He refers to a story the paper produce concerning the condemnation of taxpayer-funded Muslim-only public toiletsI was in person tasked with writing a gloating follow-up declaring our postmodernist victory in blocking the non-existent Islamic cisterns of evil (Peppiatt, 2011).This could bonnie be seen as one individuals personal attack on a proprietor and and then not induct much worth exclusively it does doctor to, and indorse the possible action of institutional racism in spite of appearance the British media.For the proposed intentions of this paper, it is worth noting the presence of Muslims inwardly Britain. In the 2001 UK Census the population of Muslims from all cultural groups within Britain was just short of 1.6 million (insert reference to table of figures in appendices here). The age old billet from many anti-in-migration champs is that the Muslims within Britain do not endeavo r to take over themselves within British culture or our path of life, owe to increase tensions between the two cultures. Figures show that nearly fractional (46.4%) of all British Muslims now living in England were born in the country. It could be said that those Muslims who came to the country as adults (first coevals) are grateful for the expectation to live in a more open society and therefore more exiting to integrate themselves within our culture. The sooner westerly societies such as Britain aid this unconscious process of integration with the likes of first generation Muslims, the better. As the younger (3rd and 4th) generation of Muslims born in England grows, we could see Muslim communities suffer increasely ostracised receivable to young Muslims anger towards the fibre of the West in Muslim lands and issues such as islamophobia within the media becoming more customary.It is in addition worth presenting the PCC column guide disembowels with regards to discrimin ationThe press must avoid prejudicious or dislogistic reference to an individuals race, colour, religion, gender, sexual orientation or to any physical or mental illness or disability.The second spark off of the guideline refers to the expound of those lowity groups and how one should avoid inclusion (of those details) unless indispensable to the story. The way in which newspapers such as the Daily Mail indicate their content around these guidelines, in order to include xenophobic views leave alone be explored by and by in the literature review.As this paper explores the meet themes of discrimination and pretended representation within the media and directs them towards the influence of a authorized yield, it is important to draw from relevant history of the Daily Mail. Some would say the newspapers bias against religions such as Islam is a product of its deep-set deoxyribonucleic acid shown via the papers likeable views of national well-disposedist Germany during t he war period. The first joint proprietor and owner ennoble Rothermere was known to be a friend and bread and butterer of both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler and kudosd the Nazi regimes accomplishments, which directed the Mails political stance and was consequently apply as propaganda by them. Lord Rothermere published quotes such as the minor misdeeds of individual Nazis would be submerged by the immense benefits the new regimes already bestowing on Germany (Rothermere, 1933), as well as printing headlines such as Hurrah for the Blackshirts (Mail, Jan 1934). The Mail was also freehearted to Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists. The support for this group was with draw after hysteria at a BUF razz in Kensington capital of Washington in 1934, which dis acts the electric potential harmful influence of newspapers on the masses.Muslims within Britain have struggled with issues of integration and racism ever since there was an change magnitude focus of attention fr om the media on the Iranian Revolution of 1979 (Asad 1990, see references in muslim britain book). television receiver screens across the world showed three million populate celebrating on the streets of capital of Iran when Ayatollah Khomeini, known for his support of hostage takers and his calling for the final stage of British citizen Salman Rushdie, came out of exile a disconcerting image for around occidentalers. The Salman Rushdie affair in 1989 show the degree to which the media and British Muslims who protested against the books (The Satanic Verses) publication became emotionally crazy (Parekh 1992, see selfsame(prenominal) book + ref) over the issue. The book deeply pained Muslims and ignited debate on blasphemy laws and granting immunity of speech. Other historical events have all played a section in what Huntingtons (1996) dissertation describes as a clash of civilisations, these being The disconnectedness War (1990-1), the genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1993- 6), the Oklahoma bombing (1995), the Taliban in Afghanistan (1997-2002), Grozny and Kosovo (1999), the recent Palestinian intifada (since September 2000) and the War on Iraq (2003) (Abbas 2005 14).These events have and the media , some say (Huntington 1996) widened the disjunction between East and West, Islam and Christianity and amplified the theory of Orientalism.(maybe do a little on September 11 attacks here)This paper intends to explore and discuss the various factors owing to the islamophobic content displayed in the Mail and how far it is alter the representation of Muslim communities within Britain. It would be pointless to explain how islamophobic reportage increased or decreased over the past ecstasy or so as it would be plain to see the increases in islamophobic content around the time of terrorist activities. One volition crush contributing factors such as the origins of islamophobia, the functionation of islamophobic content, how closely does that content abid e by tower guidelines and the effect on Muslim communities through critical discussion of the issuance and data summary.The former as to why one thinks this subject is important and would be of interest to others is the increasing multi-cultured population of Britain. As more social minorities such as Muslims continue to live in Britain, increasing tensions towards community of a special race can only put more strain on an already weak relationship with Muslim communities.The conclusion of the paper is to critically evaluate and characterize publications, specifically The Daily Mail and its part in reinforcing or articulating racism, and in damaging ethnic heathen identities. The ways in which these issues are to be address and analysed ordain be explained through my query and its content analysis.Literature reviewThe aim of this chapter is to post themes relating to the title melodic theme from antecedent published literature and critically analyse those premises. Th e intention here is not just to identify those relating themes, but to analyse, criticise, symbolise and evaluate those themes in connection with supporting or opposing the underpinning arguments of this paper. everyplace the past decade or so there is has been an increase in the amount of writing, cod to rising concerns from Muslims worldwide, explaining how conversations such as newspapers in Western media are misrepresenting ethnic minorities such as Muslims through presenting a negative image of Islam. My query will however focus on the Daily Mail in particular, portraying negative stereotypes, and the do those portrayals have, on Muslim communities within Britain. In summary, this chapter will draw from prior literature and project the complex structures and strategies of news reports and how they affect the interpretations of readers. How much does the role of publications such as the Mail play in the reproduction of racial and ethnic dis comparableity in British socie ty.Some of the earliest writing relating to British newspapers such as the Mail portraying Islam as a threat to Western interests comes from Teun van Dijks racial discrimination and the Press. The issue of in-migration within British newspapers is one that allows anti-Muslim joins to be heard, subjectively criticising the rise in the multiculturalism of BritainThe Mail specifically focuses on alleged abuses of British hospitality, and calls for stricter immigration rules. It does not hesitate to publish, with apparent approval, overtly anti-Semite(a) statements by make up-wing politicians who claim that without further curbs on immigration Britain may cause the worlds dustbin.( cutting edge Dijk, 1991 96)What train Dijk is inferring is that through government policies concerning issues such as immigration, any rightist anti-immigration views from politicians or community within the public nub will be published by the Mail with the noticeable support of the paper. Whilst hi ghlighting the political stance and nationalistic nature of the publication, a defence for the paper would fall to free press every time.The earliest and most relevant enquiry in this topic area has also been carried out by Teun train Dijk. His work in the collection of empirical data surrounding the press and issues of race is a starting point for any personate analysing institutional islamophobic contents effect on British Muslims. Van Dijk started this foundational question in plain content analysis of British newspapers, analysing content such as the repetition of trusted words used in headlines in attempt to rouse veritable meanings from them. He describes the repetitive use of certain topics of intervention such as black and race and how they are dealt with by the press as semantic macro structures.These global, overall meaning structures of a text consist of a hierarchically arranged set of macro-propositions, which are derived from the meanings (propositions) of the s entences by way of macro-rules. These rules foreshorten the complex information of the text to its essential gist. (Van Dijk, 1991 72)Van Dijk is correct in some ways in saying that the preponderance of such phrase would suggest that the discursive agenda of newspapers is entrenched in concerns with race. In his book Representing Race, Robert Ferguson agrees there are some uses of Van Dijks searchIt would seem from this as though the media are enganged in an endless process of reproducing already alive prejudices and stereotypes. The extensive content analysis which was undertaken by Van Dijk also demonstrated that ethnic minorities and anti-racialists are systematically associated with conflict, crime, intolerance and unreliability. (Ferguson, 1998 130)The flaws in Van Dijks explore are that using empirical data, or stringently content analysis, to rail an understanding of representation can somewhat writhe the power of ideology in newspapers text or framing. However, wit hout being blatantly racist, newspapers such as the Mail through concepts of normality can tacit give violence to negative representations. (Maybe use this paragraph in rule actings)The bad representations of Muslim introduction seekers to Britain, in publications such as the Mail, are highlighted in Arun Kundnanis The End of Tolerance. Phrases such as we have to look after our own citizenry first, a regular idiom in the Mail, gives strength to the inseparable belief within Britain that we cannot satisfactorily provide for ourselves, never mind foreigners or them as well.thank to the opportunism of media and politicians, asylum seekers and migrants had been made in to potent symbols for the loss of a nation-state that once belonged to its people and afforded them certain privileges as citizens. (Kundnani, 2007 65)This argument is stating that through newspapers assiduity in covering issues of economy and well being, the Mail amongst others, tend to dismission the blame of these national problems on to asylum seekers, from communities such as Muslims, for increasing the population and adding to pre-existing problems such as rises in unemployment. The only recapitulation of this concept adding to the misrepresentation and islamophobic nature of the Mail, is that this problem spans over a vast area and is historically embedded within a nations way of thinking. My seek aims to uncover the day to day anti-Islamic features of the Mail and observe the problems of intentional or institutional racism that could potentially be fixed.In some ways, previous literature has explained that events such as 9/11 and other Islam think terrorist activities give acceptance to emerging islamophobic voices or views within the media. Chris Allens chapter in Muslim Britain Communities under pressure, highlights the enabling of publishing extreme right views on terrorists religions without backlash. In the wake of Baroness Thatchers condemnation of Muslim take awayers i n the Times, insisting that all Muslims as a homogeneous group should look at responsibility for the attacks (4 October 2001). The cable days later published an article empower This War Is not about Terror, Its about Islam (7 October 2001).This article sought not only to praise Baroness Thatchers stance, but also confirm that Western fears were reassert because some three-quarters of the worlds migrants in the last decade are said to have been Muslims (these) escapees, victims, scapegoats, malefactors and sleepers are awaiting their moment. (Allen, 2005 61)Jonathan Birts chapter in Muslims in Britain also agrees with this post 9/11 islamophobic reaction from the press without plain analysing the textual content of a newspaperAfter 9/11, the more prejudicial media comment portrayed British Muslim communities, and especially their young men, as a dangerous and un-American fifth column, which were sympathetic to anti-West resistance and, indeed, the use of violent terror. Mass conferences today act upon and order these Islamophobic virtuous panics and the reactive defence to them. (Birt, 2009 217)Here, we can see Birt is agreeing that post terrorist activities, the media is allowed to give a free press voice to racist views and opinions without fear of backlash from media regulators. The defect in analysing the islamophobic nature of publications such as the Mail surrounding terrorist actions is that it is to be expected. at that place is bound to be a bad press reaction to national identities and religious racks, how far the negative portrayal of those identities goes without trepidation of media regulators punishment, is an issue that needs to be addressed.The British Journalism examine (March 2006) argues that the same harmful representation of Muslims within the media is the same for other terrorist groups such as the IRA. One can see comparableities between views of Catholics from Ulster in the eighties and Muslims today, that religious affil iations trumped all other affiliationsIn Britain and the get together States the popular line was that if you were a Catholic, you probably supported the IRA. Today, if you are a Muslim, the popular line is that you are probably anti-western or fundamentalist. This is not to say that journalism was and is trusty for these views, but rather that de-contextualised coverage did and does little to take for cold piss on old stereotypes.The closest literature relating to the topic title comes from Elizabeth Pooles give notice (of)ing Islam Media Representations of British Muslims. The book analyses the current situation regarding the image of Muslims by introduce the development of this form of new racism from preferably works. Poole says that the theme of immigration as a problem has now transferred to Muslims (van Dijk 1991), delinquent to, as Lueg (1995) says a population explosion in the Middle East. British Muslims and their homogeny to other Muslims frame the feared fifth c olumn within (Runnymede Trust 1997). This feature with the discussion of song of people invading the country depicts aspirations of taking over the world, not quest asylum.The combination of the hostile threat and movement of Islam promotes the musical theme that it needs to be managed in a way that allows varied prejudicial trusts to continue (Poole, 2002 47).What Poole is saying is that a plain dislike of the notion of Islam cannot be seen as the primal feature of hostility towards Muslims. Attitudes to Muslims derive from a assortment of xenophobia and racism whereby newspapers such as the Mail can discuss or principally criticise some of the practices of Islam without being seen to be unashamedly prejudice towards Muslims.Another coterminous piece of literature that many academics have drawn from when discussing this topic, is Edward Saids Covering Islam How the media and the experts go out how we see the rest of the world (1981). Said argues that the military blockade of the American embassy in Iran in 1981 and its media coverage initiated an increased attention and portrayal of Islam with danger, militancy and anti-Western sentiment. The text examines the genesis and ramifications of the medias monolithic images of Islam and reveals the twisting of fact that underlies mark coverage of the Islamic world. Said says the application of a Western ideologic framework or an ethnocentric way of seeing (Dahlgren and Chakrapani 1982 45) has meant we see a domesticated Islamic world or those aspects considered to be newsworthy (Said 1981 27). This has created a dichotomy between the West and Islam whereby the West is seen as judicious, civilized, developed and superior, and Islam as abnormal, undeveloped and inferior.There are a small number of published journals that closely contribution the intentions of this paper. Diane rimes Islamophobia examining casual links between the media and race hate from below (2007) analyses the media reporting on recen t and ongoing terrorist attacks in Britain and the effect on Muslim communities. The paper discusses islamophobic tendencies within British tabloids and their connections with government policies and violence that concerns religion. Whilst it highlights the medias promotion of moral panics such as problems of asylum and race, it is saying British tabloids breed on these moral panics, going further than the threat that is very presented.Thus, the media have represented Muslims as a collective problem who queer the very model of British society as supporters of al-Qaida and potential suicide bombers. They are the folk devils of the twenty first century (Diane Frost 2008 find out how to reference journal).It is worth noting that there are untouchable links between increased anti-terror legislation and other government measures and the way in which publications such as the Mail criminalise Muslim communities when reporting on such measures and legislation. This type of inquiry wil l be considered in the methods section of the paper.Ian Hargreaves writes a piece in the New Statesman that demonstrates the negative coverage of immigration from the Mail in relation to fuelling racist attitudes. He says It is not that I view with cynicism the Daily Mails efforts to achieve balance in its reporting of racial issues. Rather, I think the paper is misguided in discounting the encouragement its asylum coverage gives to racist sentiments (Hargreaves 2000). Reverting back to the theory that newspapers such as the Daily Mail have colonial instincts and an anti-foreigner outdoor stage established within its DNA, Hargreaves is trying to say that these publications are not intending to be racist they simply believe the types of stories concerning Islam being published are collectable to the public-interest factor.Christopher Allens journal discusses the dangerousness of the concept of Islamophobia in uninflected relation with the findings of the Runnymede Trust Report (19 97). The reports findings concluded that Islam is inherently seen as other to the West, reinforcing the them and us dualism. Taking this in to consideration, Allen says we should not be surprised to see such headlines as The Daily Mails offering, Fanatics with a oddment wish I was born in Britain but I am a Muslim first. Here the Mail is further reiterating those beliefs that are lodged at the heart of Islamophobia (Allen 2008 4).The intention of this chapter was to identify underpinning theories, themes and issues published in previous literature in order for readers to understand the intentions of the research and findings that will be developed in the methods and data analysis.Methods and methodologyThis chapter will discuss the research that this paper will be carrying out, the lands for using those methods and what results are to be expected. The most appropriate methods will be discussed along with their advantages and limitations, with ethical considerations ensured so tha t the data is cool in an ethical way.The bulk of previous research method approaches to the medias role in the reproduction of racism are mainly content analytical quantitative and qualitative modes picking out the use of stereotypical words, phrases or image(s) used when representing ethnic minorities (see, for example, Van Dijk 1991, 1997). The reasons for this are that the communication process is symbolic, and deciphering it necessarily has pride of place (Downing and Husband 2005 26), media researchers can admission price this readily usable material rather than examining the construction process or how readers deduce and act upon the text. This discourse analytical method systematically describes diverse structures and tactics of text in relation to a social or political framework. The method enables for the identification of focus on certain topics in a semantic analysis form as well as allowing examination of the overall organisation of news reports. Essentially this me ans discourse may therefore be studied as the crucial embrasure between the social and cognitive dimensions of racism (Cottle 2000 36). So, publications such as the Mail as a discourse in the social practice of racism can be seen as a main source for peoples racist views/beliefs. According to Berger (1998 23) content analysts in media research assume that behavioural patterns, set and attitudes found in this material reflect and affect the behaviour, attitudes and values of the people who create the material. The advantages and reason as to why this paper will be adopting a similar style of research is that whilst being most importantly primary, there is no technology or major funds infallible and it has been known to lead to fundamental changes in the practices of an institution, profession and society as a whole. overly as Berger (2011 214) says the data collected can be expressed in numbers. These numbers provide detailed information that can be understand to gain insights into the mind-set of those who created the text.Another method of research that will be employed is that of conducting surveys to gauge the attitudes and opinions of Daily Mail readers and readers of other newspapers, concerning how the paper represents ethnic minorities. This intends to highlight the negative effect a newspaper has on readers views of a religion such as Islam and the race of Muslim. antecedent survey research done in this area comes from Fouries (2001) Media Studies Institutions, theories and issues. Using a case study of the press in South Africa, the research have a survey asking people their perceptions of racism in a number of different publications. The research was conducted by the government (ACNielsen survey) after a large number of complaints were made to the South African media regulatory body (Press Ombudsman), that certain newspapers were being overtly racist. The research found that 37% of people saw the touch newspaper as being at least(prenominal ) fairly racist (the other above category being very racist), owing to the governments tax deduction of fines on the newspaper if any more racist content was published.Other survey research done by European research bodies (such as, European Monitoring Centre on racialism and Xenophobia) includes the Racism and cultural variety in the mass media report where a similar style of inquirynaire design was used. The survey style asks the same type of question i.e. how racist do you think this publication/newspaper is? providing a spectrum of answers including jolly racist, fairly racist and very racist. The ethical considerations that need to be addressed here is that one could condemn this research method data saying the questions are too leading or that the opinions of the researcher could play a large role in the data collected. With regards to the former limitation, it is the intention of the research to avoid the nonsubjective viewpoint as it would be more or less useless data for the purposes of this study. By introducing the survey as an academic study to identify whether a newspaper is racist is introducing a form of bias a four point Likert scale should thus be used. In order to avoid people who like to sit on the fence (especially concerning issues of racism), by using a smaller Likert scale, the neutral viewpoint can be avoided by using a four-point scale in which the respondent is force to express some degree of, for example, agreement or disagreement (Davies and Mosdell 2006 93).Also other ethical considerations were respected including obtaining the consent of the participants and ensuring that their confidentiality and namelessness were maintained.For the content analysis of the Daily Mails perceived inciting of racial hatred, the content that will be analysed will be the amount of articles within a time period of 6 months the issue of Islam and Muslims is reported on in a negative manner. The practice of content analysis, established by the l ikes of Berelson (1971) and Krippendorff (1980) means identifying the sub-components of an issue featured in the text(s) to be analysed and then studying that media in question over a designated set period of time, counting the amount of times they turn up. This method enables the recognition of certain contours of coverage on a certain subject or issue, allowing for questions to be asked such as did some newspapers repeatedly feature stories related to people of colour and were there periods of increased or lesser coverage surrounding activities of extremist groups?The types of articles that will be used in the research (see appendices for examples) present Muslims and the religion of Islam as a problem and their difficulties with remote issues when integrating themselves within British society. The negative context, in relation to identifying relevant articles will adopt a similar method employed by van Dijks (1991) research. Here the headlines of newspaper articles concerning i ssues of race were set and then proceeded to count how many times negative words such as jurisprudence and riot were used, illustrating the negative context in which issues concerning ethnic minorities were raised within a certain publication. As Hartmann and Husband (1974, 1976) suggest, this demonstrates how news issueIslamophobia in the Daily MailIslamophobia in the Daily MailIslamophobia is defined in the dictionary as being hatred or fear of Muslims or of their politics or culture. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11th and the London 7/7 bombings amongst others, some say islamophobia within the media has increased significantly. This work intends to discuss the coverage of Muslims and the religion of Islam as a whole within the middle market newspaper The Daily Mail and explore whether publications such as the Mail are representing the Muslim race in a negative light.Ones interest in the subject matter involved is one that has derived from what is seen, amongst others , as bad journalism middle market and tabloid newspapers inaccurately reporting issues concerning races such as Muslims. On a daily basis one can pick up a newspaper these days and spot numerous flaws, incorrect language or overall representation of a religion such as Islam. Also, a personal affliction or view in the area is the way in which Muslim communities within the UK are slowly being isolated and are being criticised collectively for the actions of a small population of the religion.When exploring the relationship between the modern West and the East, one should look upon the concept of Orientalism. Saids (1978) work draws on the concept of us and them Orientalism is never far from what Denys Hay has called the idea of Europe, a collective notion identifying us Europeans as against all those non-Europeans (Said, 1978 7). This notion refers to the historical manufacturing of Eastern beings as alien, the Other, by the West. It is the negative portrayal of extremist Islamic imag es within frameworks such as the Mail that progresses, as Halliday (1996)(remember reference for this, see notebook 2) suggests, this myth of confrontation that pardons the West of any need to excuse its enmity towards the East and religions such as Islam.Before this paper looks at effects of the theory of islamophobia, it is worth evaluating the polarity of the term itself. Whilst some could say the branding of the term can draw attention to the issue for positive means, further comprehensive literature on the subject and enquiries commissioned (e.g. 1997 Runnymede Trust, Islamophobia A Challenge for Us All), there is a flipside. Academics have inferred that this is just another, more refined form of new racism according to many sociologists. Sociologist Professor Gerard Delanty describes the use of the term islamophobia It is rooted in mainstream hostility to migrant workers and asylum-seekers, and is based to a considerable degree on ethnocentrism and xenophobiaon ignorance and f ear of the other (Delanty Conference, see notebook for full reference1). Delanty is saying here that the categorisation of the idiom of islamophobia could be creating a new form of acceptable racism.The UK media industry is said by some to be institutionally racistThis racism is rooted in the countrys imperial past, with feelings of racial superiority and crude nationalism now deeply embedded in the dominant culture. (Keeble, 2009 175)2 per cent of the NUJ membership was black, Asian and Arab in the first media-industry wide survey in 1995 by Anthony Delano and John Henningham. Comparing this alongside the national ethnic minority population percentage of 5.26 percent at the time, and it does speak volumes. My research will include a plan to address this view and explore how far or to what extent this reflects an islamophobic nature within newspapers such as The Daily Mail. However, to discuss how deep rooted this patriotism, or national feeling of superiority over other races goes would be discursive from the intended discussion of the titles topic.The role of a national newspaper such as the Mail needs to be highlighted to display the contextualising link between islamophobia and the public.The fact that a familiar newspaper offers a sense of identity and possible security to its regular readers is an important contextualising factor when considering questions of race and ideology. (Ferguson, 1998175)Considering middle market newspapers such as The Daily Mail and Express along with the tabloids represent more than two thirds of the national daily readership figures (1997 survey do footnote for this), this is a first base argument for explaining the negative (potential) effect of the press on the masses.A matter to take in to consideration is the recent resignation of Daily Star journalist Richard Peppiatt, on the grounds of the papers islamophobic content. Albeit a personal letter to the Daily Stars proprietor Richard Desmond, the letter highlights a wide ra nge of anti-Islamic features in the everyday characteristics of national newspapers such as the Star and Mail and labels the former as anti-Muslim propaganda. The letter does refer to how closely the content of the Star is to the Mails through criticism of how the newspapers editors build a newspaper from cut-and-paste-jobs off the Daily Mail website. Where he admits to stirring up a bit of light-hearted Islamophobia himself on the basis that this was in his professional duties at the Star, his disapproval of this demonization is prevalent throughout. He refers to a story the paper published concerning the condemnation of taxpayer-funded Muslim-only public toiletsI was personally tasked with writing a gloating follow-up declaring our postmodern victory in blocking the non-existent Islamic cisterns of evil (Peppiatt, 2011).This could just be seen as one individuals personal attack on a proprietor and therefore not have much worth but it does relate to, and support the theory of insti tutional racism within the British media.For the proposed intentions of this paper, it is worth noting the presence of Muslims within Britain. In the 2001 UK Census the population of Muslims from all ethnic groups within Britain was just short of 1.6 million (insert reference to table of figures in appendices here). The age old argument from many anti-immigration supporters is that the Muslims within Britain do not attempt to immerse themselves within British culture or our way of life, owing to increased tensions between the two cultures. Figures show that nearly half (46.4%) of all British Muslims now living in England were born in the country. It could be said that those Muslims who came to the country as adults (first generation) are grateful for the chance to live in a more open society and therefore more ordain to integrate themselves within our culture. The sooner Western societies such as Britain aid this process of integration with the likes of first generation Muslims, th e better. As the younger (3rd and 4th) generation of Muslims born in England grows, we could see Muslim communities become increasingly ostracised due to young Muslims anger towards the role of the West in Muslim lands and issues such as islamophobia within the media becoming more customary.It is also worth presenting the PCC editorial guidelines with regards to discriminationThe press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative reference to an individuals race, colour, religion, gender, sexual orientation or to any physical or mental illness or disability.The second part of the guideline refers to the details of those minority groups and how one should avoid inclusion (of those details) unless necessary to the story. The way in which newspapers such as the Daily Mail steer their content around these guidelines, in order to include xenophobic views will be explored later in the literature review.As this paper explores the surrounding themes of discrimination and false representation within the media and directs them towards the influence of a certain publication, it is important to draw from relevant history of the Daily Mail. Some would say the newspapers prejudice against religions such as Islam is a product of its deep-set DNA shown via the papers sympathetic views of Nazi Germany during the war period. The first joint proprietor and owner Lord Rothermere was known to be a friend and supporter of both Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler and praised the Nazi regimes accomplishments, which directed the Mails political stance and was consequently used as propaganda by them. Lord Rothermere published quotes such as the minor misdeeds of individual Nazis would be submerged by the immense benefits the new regimes already bestowing on Germany (Rothermere, 1933), as well as printing headlines such as Hurrah for the Blackshirts (Mail, Jan 1934). The Mail was also sympathetic to Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists. The support for this group was secluded after vi olence at a BUF rally in Kensington Olympia in 1934, which displays the potential harmful influence of newspapers on the masses.Muslims within Britain have struggled with issues of integration and racism ever since there was an increased focus of attention from the media on the Iranian Revolution of 1979 (Asad 1990, see references in muslim britain book). Television screens across the world showed three million people celebrating on the streets of Tehran when Ayatollah Khomeini, known for his support of hostage takers and his calling for the death of British citizen Salman Rushdie, came out of exile a disconcerting image for most Westerners. The Salman Rushdie affair in 1989 demonstrated the degree to which the media and British Muslims who protested against the books (The Satanic Verses) publication became emotionally unhinged (Parekh 1992, see same book + ref) over the issue. The book deeply offended Muslims and ignited debate on blasphemy laws and freedom of speech. Other histori cal events have all played a part in what Huntingtons (1996) thesis describes as a clash of civilisations, these being The Gulf War (1990-1), the genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1993-6), the Oklahoma bombing (1995), the Taliban in Afghanistan (1997-2002), Grozny and Kosovo (1999), the recent Palestinian Intifada (since September 2000) and the War on Iraq (2003) (Abbas 2005 14).These events have and the media , some say (Huntington 1996) widened the gulf between East and West, Islam and Christianity and amplified the theory of Orientalism.(maybe do a little on September 11 attacks here)This paper intends to explore and discuss the different factors owing to the islamophobic content displayed in the Mail and how far it is damaging the representation of Muslim communities within Britain. It would be pointless to explain how islamophobic reporting increased or decreased over the past decade or so as it would be plain to see the increases in islamophobic content around the times of terro rist activities. One will analyse contributing factors such as the origins of islamophobia, the identification of islamophobic content, how closely does that content abide by editorial guidelines and the effect on Muslim communities through critical discussion of the topic and data analysis.The reason as to why one thinks this subject is important and would be of interest to others is the increasing multi-cultured population of Britain. As more ethnic minorities such as Muslims continue to live in Britain, increasing tensions towards people of a particular race can only put more strain on an already weak relationship with Muslim communities.The purpose of the paper is to critically evaluate and characterize publications, specifically The Daily Mail and its role in reinforcing or articulating racism, and in damaging ethnic cultural identities. The ways in which these issues are to be addressed and analysed will be explained through my research and its content analysis.Literature revi ewThe aim of this chapter is to identify themes relating to the title topic from previous published literature and critically analyse those premises. The intention here is not just to identify those relating themes, but to analyse, criticise, interpret and evaluate those themes in connection with supporting or opposing the underpinning arguments of this paper. Over the past decade or so there is has been an increase in the amount of writing, due to rising concerns from Muslims worldwide, explaining how discourses such as newspapers in Western media are misrepresenting ethnic minorities such as Muslims through presenting a negative image of Islam. My research will however focus on the Daily Mail in particular, portraying negative stereotypes, and the effects those portrayals have, on Muslim communities within Britain. In summary, this chapter will draw from prior literature and examine the complex structures and strategies of news reports and how they affect the interpretations of re aders. How much does the role of publications such as the Mail play in the reproduction of racial and ethnic inequality in British society.Some of the earliest writing relating to British newspapers such as the Mail portraying Islam as a threat to Western interests comes from Teun van Dijks Racism and the Press. The issue of immigration within British newspapers is one that allows anti-Muslim voices to be heard, subjectively criticising the rise in the multiculturalism of BritainThe Mail specifically focuses on alleged abuses of British hospitality, and calls for stricter immigration rules. It does not hesitate to publish, with apparent approval, overtly racist statements by right-wing politicians who claim that without further curbs on immigration Britain may become the worlds dustbin.(Van Dijk, 1991 96)What Van Dijk is inferring is that through government policies concerning issues such as immigration, any right-wing anti-immigration views from politicians or people within the pub lic eye will be published by the Mail with the noticeable support of the paper. Whilst highlighting the political stance and nationalistic nature of the publication, a defence for the paper would revert to free press every time.The earliest and most relevant research in this topic area has also been carried out by Teun Van Dijk. His work in the collection of empirical data surrounding the press and issues of race is a starting point for anybody analysing institutional islamophobic contents effect on British Muslims. Van Dijk started this foundational research in plain content analysis of British newspapers, analysing content such as the repetition of certain words used in headlines in attempt to rouse certain meanings from them. He describes the repetitive use of certain topics of discourse such as black and race and how they are dealt with by the press as semantic macro structures.These global, overall meaning structures of a text consist of a hierarchically arranged set of macro-p ropositions, which are derived from the meanings (propositions) of the sentences by way of macro-rules. These rules reduce the complex information of the text to its essential gist. (Van Dijk, 1991 72)Van Dijk is correct in some ways in saying that the prevalence of such vocabulary would suggest that the discursive agenda of newspapers is entrenched in concerns with race. In his book Representing Race, Robert Ferguson agrees there are some uses of Van Dijks researchIt would seem from this as though the media are enganged in an endless process of reproducing already existing prejudices and stereotypes. The extensive content analysis which was undertaken by Van Dijk also demonstrated that ethnic minorities and anti-racists are systematically associated with conflict, crime, intolerance and unreliability. (Ferguson, 1998 130)The flaws in Van Dijks research are that using empirical data, or strictly content analysis, to develop an understanding of representation can somewhat distort the power of ideology in newspapers text or framing. However, without being blatantly racist, newspapers such as the Mail through concepts of normality can still give strength to negative representations. (Maybe use this paragraph in methods)The detrimental representations of Muslim asylum seekers to Britain, in publications such as the Mail, are highlighted in Arun Kundnanis The End of Tolerance. Phrases such as we have to look after our own people first, a regular idiom in the Mail, gives strength to the inherent belief within Britain that we cannot satisfactorily provide for ourselves, never mind foreigners or them as well.Thanks to the opportunism of media and politicians, asylum seekers and migrants had been made in to potent symbols for the loss of a nation-state that once belonged to its people and afforded them certain privileges as citizens. (Kundnani, 2007 65)This argument is stating that through newspapers persistence in covering issues of economy and well being, the Mail am ongst others, tend to shift the blame of these national problems on to asylum seekers, from communities such as Muslims, for increasing the population and adding to pre-existing problems such as rises in unemployment. The only critique of this concept adding to the misrepresentation and islamophobic nature of the Mail, is that this problem spans over a huge area and is historically embedded within a nations way of thinking. My research aims to uncover the day to day anti-Islamic features of the Mail and expose the problems of intentional or institutional racism that could potentially be fixed.In some ways, previous literature has explained that events such as 9/11 and other Islam related terrorist activities give acceptance to emerging islamophobic voices or views within the media. Chris Allens chapter in Muslim Britain Communities under pressure, highlights the enabling of publishing extreme right views on terrorists religions without backlash. In the wake of Baroness Thatchers con demnation of Muslim leaders in the Times, insisting that all Muslims as a homogeneous group should share responsibility for the attacks (4 October 2001). The Telegraph days later published an article entitled This War Is not about Terror, Its about Islam (7 October 2001).This article sought not only to praise Baroness Thatchers stance, but also confirm that Western fears were justified because some three-quarters of the worlds migrants in the last decade are said to have been Muslims (these) escapees, victims, scapegoats, malefactors and sleepers are awaiting their moment. (Allen, 2005 61)Jonathan Birts chapter in Muslims in Britain also agrees with this post 9/11 islamophobic reaction from the press without simply analysing the textual content of a newspaperAfter 9/11, the more prejudicial media comment portrayed British Muslim communities, and especially their young men, as a dangerous and unpatriotic fifth column, which were sympathetic to anti-West resistance and, indeed, the use of violent terror. Mass communications today shape and order these Islamophobic moral panics and the reactive defence to them. (Birt, 2009 217)Here, we can see Birt is agreeing that post terrorist activities, the media is allowed to give a free press voice to racist views and opinions without fear of backlash from media regulators. The defect in analysing the islamophobic nature of publications such as the Mail surrounding terrorist actions is that it is to be expected. There is bound to be a bad press reaction to national identities and religious viewpoints, how far the negative portrayal of those identities goes without trepidation of media regulators punishment, is an issue that needs to be addressed.The British Journalism Review (March 2006) argues that the same harmful representation of Muslims within the media is the same for other terrorist groups such as the IRA. One can see similarities between views of Catholics from Ulster in the 1980s and Muslims today, that religiou s affiliations trumped all other affiliationsIn Britain and the United States the popular line was that if you were a Catholic, you probably supported the IRA. Today, if you are a Muslim, the popular line is that you are probably anti-western or fundamentalist. This is not to say that journalism was and is responsible for these views, but rather that de-contextualised coverage did and does little to throw cold water on old stereotypes.The closest literature relating to the topic title comes from Elizabeth Pooles inform Islam Media Representations of British Muslims. The book analyses the current situation regarding the image of Muslims by tracking the development of this form of new racism from earlier works. Poole says that the theme of immigration as a problem has now transferred to Muslims (van Dijk 1991), due to, as Lueg (1995) says a population explosion in the Middle East. British Muslims and their homogeny to other Muslims become the feared fifth column within (Runnymede Tru st 1997). This combined with the discussion of numbers of people invading the country depicts aspirations of taking over the world, not seeking asylum.The combination of the hostile threat and movement of Islam promotes the idea that it needs to be managed in a way that allows varied prejudicial practices to continue (Poole, 2002 47).What Poole is saying is that a plain dislike of the notion of Islam cannot be seen as the central feature of hostility towards Muslims. Attitudes to Muslims derive from a mixture of xenophobia and racism whereby newspapers such as the Mail can discuss or mainly criticise some of the practices of Islam without being seen to be unashamedly prejudice towards Muslims.Another adjoining piece of literature that many academics have drawn from when discussing this topic, is Edward Saids Covering Islam How the media and the experts determine how we see the rest of the world (1981). Said argues that the siege of the American embassy in Iran in 1981 and its media coverage initiated an increased attention and portrayal of Islam with danger, militancy and anti-Western sentiment. The text examines the genesis and ramifications of the medias monolithic images of Islam and reveals the twisting of fact that underlies objective coverage of the Islamic world. Said says the application of a Western ideological framework or an ethnocentric way of seeing (Dahlgren and Chakrapani 1982 45) has meant we see a domesticated Islamic world or those aspects considered to be newsworthy (Said 1981 27). This has created a dichotomy between the West and Islam whereby the West is seen as judicious, civilized, developed and superior, and Islam as abnormal, undeveloped and inferior.There are a small number of published journals that closely share the intentions of this paper. Diane Frosts Islamophobia examining casual links between the media and race hate from below (2007) analyses the media reporting on recent and ongoing terrorist attacks in Britain and the effect on Muslim communities. The paper discusses islamophobic tendencies within British tabloids and their connections with government policies and violence that concerns religion. Whilst it highlights the medias promotion of moral panics such as problems of asylum and race, it is saying British tabloids breed on these moral panics, going further than the threat that is actually presented.Thus, the media have represented Muslims as a collective problem who threaten the very fabric of British society as supporters of al-Qaida and potential suicide bombers. They are the folk devils of the twenty first century (Diane Frost 2008 find out how to reference journal).It is worth noting that there are strong links between increased anti-terror legislation and other government measures and the way in which publications such as the Mail criminalise Muslim communities when reporting on such measures and legislation. This type of research will be considered in the methods section of the paper.Ian Harg reaves writes a piece in the New Statesman that demonstrates the negative coverage of immigration from the Mail in relation to fuelling racist attitudes. He says It is not that I view with cynicism the Daily Mails efforts to achieve balance in its reporting of racial issues. Rather, I think the paper is misguided in discounting the encouragement its asylum coverage gives to racist sentiments (Hargreaves 2000). Reverting back to the theory that newspapers such as the Daily Mail have colonial instincts and an anti-foreigner viewpoint established within its DNA, Hargreaves is trying to say that these publications are not intending to be racist they simply believe the types of stories concerning Islam being published are due to the public-interest factor.Christopher Allens journal discusses the dangerousness of the concept of Islamophobia in analytical relation with the findings of the Runnymede Trust Report (1997). The reports findings concluded that Islam is inherently seen as other t o the West, reinforcing the them and us dualism. Taking this in to consideration, Allen says we should not be surprised to see such headlines as The Daily Mails offering, Fanatics with a death wish I was born in Britain but I am a Muslim first. Here the Mail is merely reiterating those beliefs that are lodged at the heart of Islamophobia (Allen 2008 4).The intention of this chapter was to identify underpinning theories, themes and issues published in previous literature in order for readers to understand the intentions of the research and findings that will be developed in the methods and data analysis.Methods and methodologyThis chapter will discuss the research that this paper will be carrying out, the reasons for using those methods and what results are to be expected. The most appropriate methods will be discussed along with their advantages and limitations, with ethical considerations ensured so that the data is collected in an ethical way.The bulk of previous research method a pproaches to the medias role in the reproduction of racism are mainly content analytical quantitative and qualitative modes picking out the use of stereotypical words, phrases or image(s) used when representing ethnic minorities (see, for example, Van Dijk 1991, 1997). The reasons for this are that the communication process is symbolic, and deciphering it inevitably has pride of place (Downing and Husband 2005 26), media researchers can access this readily available material rather than examining the construction process or how readers deduce and act upon the text. This discourse analytical method systematically describes different structures and tactics of text in relation to a social or political framework. The method enables for the identification of focus on certain topics in a semantic analysis form as well as allowing examination of the overall organisation of news reports. Essentially this means discourse may thus be studied as the crucial interface between the social and cog nitive dimensions of racism (Cottle 2000 36). So, publications such as the Mail as a discourse in the social practice of racism can be seen as a main source for peoples racist views/beliefs. According to Berger (1998 23) content analysts in media research assume that behavioural patterns, values and attitudes found in this material reflect and affect the behaviour, attitudes and values of the people who create the material. The advantages and reason as to why this paper will be adopting a similar style of research is that whilst being most importantly primary, there is no technology or major funds necessary and it has been known to lead to fundamental changes in the practices of an institution, profession and society as a whole. Also as Berger (2011 214) says the data collected can be expressed in numbers. These numbers provide detailed information that can be interpreted to gain insights into the mind-set of those who created the text.Another method of research that will be employe d is that of conducting surveys to gauge the attitudes and opinions of Daily Mail readers and readers of other newspapers, concerning how the paper represents ethnic minorities. This intends to highlight the negative effect a newspaper has on readers views of a religion such as Islam and the race of Muslim. Previous survey research done in this area comes from Fouries (2001) Media Studies Institutions, theories and issues. Using a case study of the press in South Africa, the research featured a survey asking people their perceptions of racism in a number of different publications. The research was conducted by the government (ACNielsen survey) after a large number of complaints were made to the South African media regulatory body (Press Ombudsman), that certain newspapers were being overtly racist. The research found that 37% of people saw the concerned newspaper as being at least fairly racist (the other above category being very racist), owing to the governments implication of fin es on the newspaper if any more racist content was published.Other survey research done by European research bodies (such as, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia) includes the Racism and cultural diversity in the mass media report where a similar style of questionnaire design was used. The survey style asks the same type of question i.e. how racist do you think this publication/newspaper is? providing a spectrum of answers including slightly racist, fairly racist and very racist. The ethical considerations that need to be addressed here is that one could condemn this research method data saying the questions are too leading or that the opinions of the researcher could play a large role in the data collected. With regards to the former limitation, it is the intention of the research to avoid the neutral viewpoint as it would be more or less unusable data for the purposes of this study. By introducing the survey as an academic study to identify whether a newspaper is r acist is introducing a form of bias a four point Likert scale should thus be used. In order to avoid people who like to sit on the fence (especially concerning issues of racism), by using a smaller Likert scale, the neutral viewpoint can be avoided by using a four-point scale in which the respondent is forced to express some degree of, for example, agreement or disagreement (Davies and Mosdell 2006 93).Also other ethical considerations were respected including obtaining the consent of the participants and ensuring that their confidentiality and anonymity were maintained.For the content analysis of the Daily Mails perceived inciting of racial hatred, the content that will be analysed will be the amount of articles within a time period of 6 months the issue of Islam and Muslims is reported on in a negative manner. The practice of content analysis, established by the likes of Berelson (1971) and Krippendorff (1980) means identifying the sub-components of an issue featured in the text(s ) to be analysed and then studying that media in question over a designated set period of time, counting the amount of times they turn up. This method enables the recognition of certain contours of coverage on a certain subject or issue, allowing for questions to be asked such as did some newspapers repeatedly feature stories related to people of colour and were there periods of increased or lesser coverage surrounding activities of extremist groups?The types of articles that will be used in the research (see appendices for examples) present Muslims and the religion of Islam as a problem and their difficulties with conflicting issues when integrating themselves within British society. The negative context, in relation to identifying relevant articles will adopt a similar method employed by van Dijks (1991) research. Here the headlines of newspaper articles concerning issues of race were identified and then proceeded to count how many times negative words such as police and riot were used, illustrating the negative context in which issues concerning ethnic minorities were raised within a certain publication. As Hartmann and Husband (1974, 1976) suggest, this demonstrates how news issue