Movie and Personality Theory Analysis Essay

toilet Q is a word picture about a desperate father who finds him ego in an impossible situation when his son, Michael, collapses during a baseball game and turns out to be in need of a eye transplant. conjuration Q. Archibald discovers that his health indemnity does not cover such an expensive procedure, and unable to raise the 75,000 dollar sign deposit needed to place his son in the go outr list, jakes resorts to taking the staff and patients of the hospitals emergency room guarantor and held at gunpoint. The hospital administrator then decides to place Michael in the donor list and Michael is soon given a new heart.John, as expound by his wife Rebecca, is a sweet kind man. His record does not pinpoint to violent tendencies, and yet the radical decision to becharm part of the hospital and arrogate the people in it as warrantor are not indicative of a meek and pleasant individual. It is consequently worth remembering that genes raise influence the behavior only in people who live in some kind of milieu. Without an environment at that place would be no behavior at all, regardless of what genes were present. And the reverse is true(p) about the environment without a person built by genes to affect, no behavior plenty occur, no matter what the environment.In the determination of spirit, genes and the environment interact (Funder). Thus, John with his genetic instinct to love and protect those that he loves combined with the injustice of his circumstances induced him to go against his sweet constitution as an attempt to remedy the situation in any behavior he can. One theme of the movie is self-sacrifice, this is apparent when John decides to give his own heart to his son when he finds no other options available, luckily he is stopped before he pulls the trigger when a heart arrives for his son.Johns complete devotion and his pull up stakesingness to do everything for his son can be partly explained by the evolution theory. A theory that endeavors to assort how patterns of behavior that characterize all humans originate from the survival measure these characteristics provide over the history of the species. Specific to this theory, is the course to aid closure relatives to ensure the survival of ones own genes into succeeding generations, an outcome called inclusive fittingness (Funder, 2002).Evolutionary theory has also been used to explain why self esteem is so important for human beings. Our feelings of self-assertion evolved to monitor the pointedness to which we are accepted by others, a principle most exemplified by Gus Monroe, the Chicago Chief of Police, as he basks in apparent joyousness by the adulation of the media and the crowd. The hospital music director Rebecca Payne is most notable in the rationalizations that she uses to distance herself from the unfairness of the situation. Rationalization is the usage of contrived explanations to conceal pathetic motives for ones behavior.Ms Payne deftly suggests that John accept his sons be termination and strive to make Michaels remaining days a happy time. She stands by the financial rules of the hospital and claims that her hands are secure by the fact that the family is unable to come up with the amount of capital needed for their sons surgery. But when Denise Archibald expresses her dis manage for Rebecca, the hospital director changes her mind and announces that Michael will be placed at the top of the donor list.When we detect signs of not being adequately valued or respected, our self-esteem goes down, motivating us to do things that will cause others to think make better of us so we can think better of ourselves (Funder) A subplot in the movie is the relationship between cardinal hostages, Julie, who needs treatment for a broken arm and her boyfriend Mitch, who has no wounds aside from scratches in his arm. Mitch claims that a car crash had caused it, but due to a number of enigmatical elements in their narrative, John and another hostage named Lester is able to conclude that the two are lying and that Mitch had in fact beat Julie up.The fact that Julie be and helped Mitch in covering up the event indicate signs of a beat-up woman in the stage of denial, where the woman refuses to admit, perhaps even to herself that at that place is a problem in her relationship, she calls it an accident and whitethorn believe that it will never happen again. However, during the course of the movie, when Julie sees Mitch helpless on the ground she seizes the hazard to douse his eyes with a caustic agent, and as Mitch screams in painfulness Julie announces that what she did was revenge for the physical hurt he caused her. This is a tacit memory access that she will no longer submit to Mitchs violent ways.On the other hand, Mitchs personality demonstrates arrogance, an overblown ego and a tendency for stress and hostility as shown by his attempted attack on John. Mitchs controlling tendency is revealed whe n Julie screams she will no longer be his Barbie doll and rips of her blonde wig as an indication that he wants particularised physical attributes for his girlfriend. The movie also touches on the subject of death and harm when a patient adjacent to Michaels hospital room dies and her family is shown sorrow and inconsolable. Depression that follows a social emptiness such as the death of a loved one is characterized by pain and crying.Weeping is a useful way of seeking social support and fatigue and pessimism can prevent one from wasting energy and resources on fruitless endeavors. (Funder) This is foster discussed by claims of psychologists Matthew Keller and Randolph Nesse that in the same way that blocking fever may prolong infection, blocking normal depressive symptoms could increase the risk of negative flavor situations. When John Archibald is faced with the actual possibility of his sons death, he go afters in the ego-defense mechanism called denial of universe, wherei n the individual protects the self from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive or face it.In this case however, Johns belief that his son will not die is increase by his extreme actions and the decision to offer his own life, if need be, for his sons survival. The movie also involves the occurrence of Stockholm syndrome, a phenomenon wherein positive feelings are demonstrable by hostages towards their captors that appear strange in light of the danger or risk endured. This happened when John showed kindness towards the hostages and when they understood the circumstances that forced him to take drastic measures.A psychological perspective towards an existential movie like John Q offers a unique understanding of the film, revealing philosophic and scientific dimensions that enrich a persons comprehension of the world. This enables one to engage in analytic thinking and to apply classroom theories to real-world situations. Works Cited Funder, David C. The personality puzzle, f ourth edition. W. W. Norton & Company, 2007. John Q. Screenplay by James Kearne, Dir. Nick Cassavetas. , Perf. Denzel Washington, Kimberly Elise and Daniel Smith. New define Cinema, 2002.

Environment of Firms Essay

purlieu of FirmsIntroductionBusiness environs be of all those factors that need a bearing on the backup. The term trading surround implies those out-of-door drags, factors and institutions that be beyond the dominate of individual stemma giving medications and their management and affect the business enterprise. These forces argon customer, creditors, competitors, governance, socio-cultural agreements, political parties national and worldwide giving medications and so on some of those forces affect the business directly which some separates imbibe indirect effect on the business.Types of milieu1Internal milieuThe internal purlieu is the environment that has a direct impact on the business. Here there argon some internal factors which ar generally controllable because the alliance has control over these factors. It can alter or modify much(prenominal) factors as its personnel, physical facilities, and organization and functional inwardness, corresponding ma rketing, to suit the environment. A) encourage SYSTEMThe value trunk of the founders and those at the helm of affairs has eventful bearing on the choice of business, the mission and the objectives of the organization, business policies and practices. B) MISSION,VISION AND OBJECTIVESVision means the ability to think about the future with imagination and wisdom. Vision is an essential factor in achieving the objectives of the organization. The mission is the medium through which the objectives are achieved. C) organizational StructureIt take ons the values and expectations of your firms stakeholders its mission, goals and objectives and its resources. These factors combineddetermine what your organization is trying to accomplish and how successful it is likely to be. 5 staple split of organization Operating core, Strategic Apex, Middle line, Technostructure, and Support staff basic organization structurea) Functionalb) Divisionalc) Hierarchicald) Line and faculty Structuree) T ask ForceThe Need for Organizational Structure Organizations needs structuring so that lines of authority along with individual duties and responsibilities can be understood by every comp whatever member.f) Matrix StructureTRENDS IN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURESThe addition in sell, both on-site and off-site, has required merchants to readdress their tables of organization so that they will better serve the needs of their customers and make their companies more profitable. Some of like a shots trends in organizational structuring for the fashion-retailing arena are described in this section. Restructuring to Accommodate Multichannel ExpansionWhen department stores in particular magnifyed their compile operations, many initially opted to make this division part of their brick-and-mortar operations. Similarly, when retailers saw that the network had the potential to increase revenues, they changed their organizational structure to reflect this and to make the overall operation func tion more efficiently. Today, the trend is for the major multichannel retailers to adjust and expand their tables of organization and separate the common chord functions into separate channels. Macys, for example, is whizz of the giants in the painsthat has changed to that format.Consolidation of DivisionsThe acquisition of department stores by major retail groups has operate a dominant trend. May Department Stores and Federated Department Stores, for example, are two companies that have expanded their operations by purchasing separate retail companies. In their pursuit of maximizing profits, these groups have, in many cases, obdurate to merge the new acquisitions into some of their own stores. May, for example, purchased sixteen Wanamakers stores and three Woodward & Lothrop stores and merged some into their Hechts division and some into the Lord & Taylor group. with this practice, fewer buyers and merchandisers were needed as were other executives who previously worked exclu sively for one store. As this acquisition trend gallops, this staff consolidation is likely to continue as well.De centralizationMuch of the growth in large-scale retailing has come about by expansion into new trading areas. Although centralization was once the forte of the chain organization, this expansion has necessitated some decentralization of functions. ware distribution, for example, has now been decentralized to include regional operations. When stores were so far from the private distribution center, the time it took for merchandise to reach many of the units was both uneconomical and harmy.SMALL STORE APPLICATIONSThe air in which small stores are nonionised is unlikely to change, because these operations require few employees to run them. The key roles are usually performed by the owner or partners with the remainder of the functions much(prenominal) as selling and stock keeping left to the sales associates. When there isnt a store manager on site, as is often t he case, a particular salesperson should be designated to take charge and assign tasks such as handling temporary changes in sales associates hours. When outside tasks, such as advertising and visual merchandising, are required, outside agencies should be hire to take care of them. The need for in-house specialists to perform these tasks is limited and is too appeally for small businesses toafford.Strengths and flunkesStrength is any attribute or ability of the organization that may help it in accomplishing its mission and in fulfilling its vision Weakness is any attribute or ability of the organization that may boney up it in accomplishing its mission and in fulfilling its visionFor example factors relating to products, set, costs, profitability, performance, quality, people, skills, adaptability, dirts, go, reputation, bear ones, infrastructures, etc Factors tend to be in the presentStarbucks SWOT analysis 2013Strengths1.Sound financial records2.No. 1 brand in coffeehou se segment valued at $4 million3.Starbucks experience4.Largest coffeehouse chain in the world5.Employee managementWeaknesses1.Coffee beans price is the major work out over firms profits 2.Product pricing3.Negative publicityOpportunities1.Extend supplier range2.Expansion to emerging economies3.Increase product offerings4.Expansion of retail operationsThreats1.Rising prices of coffee beans and dairy products2.Trademark infringements3.Increased competition from local cafes and specialization of other coffeehouse chains 4.Saturated markets in the developed economies5.Supply disruptions2External EnvironmentIt refers to the environment that has an indirect influence on the business. The factors are uncontrollable by the business. Two types of external environmentMicro EnvironmentThe small environment is also known as the task environment and operating environment because the micro environmental forces have a direct bearing on the operations of the firm.a) SuppliersAn important force in the micro environment of a company is the suppliers, i.e., those who supply the inputs like raw materials and components to the company.b) CustomerThe major task of a business is to piss and sustain customers. A business exists only because of its customers. c) Marketing IntermediariesThe marketing intermediaries include middlemen such as agents and merchants that help the company find customers or close sales with them. d) FinancersThe financers are also important factors of internal environment. e) populacePublic can be said as any group that has an actual or potential interest in or on an organizations ability to achieve its interest. Public include media and citizens. Macro EnvironmentMacro environment is also known as General environment and remote environment. Macro factors are generally more uncontrollable than micro environment factors. When the macro factors become uncontrollable, the success of company depends upon its adaptability to the environment.a) Economic Enviro nmentEconomic environment refers to the aggregate of the nature of economic system of the unpolished, business cycles, the socio-economic infrastructure etc. b) Social EnvironmentThe social dimension or environment of a nation determines the value system of the society which, in turn affects the functioning of the business. Sociological factors such as costs structure, tradition and conventions, mobility of labor etc. have far-reaching impact on the business. c) Political EnvironmentThe political environment of a country is influenced by the political organizations such as philosophy of political parties, ideology of government or companionship in power, nature and extent of bureaucracy influence of primary groups etc. d) Legal EnvironmentLegal environment includes flexibility and adaptability of law and other legal rules governing the business. It may include the exact rulings and decision of the courts.e) technical foul EnvironmentThe business in a country is greatly influenced by the technological development. The technology adopted by the industries determines the type and quality of goods and services to be produced and the type and quality of plant and equipment to be used. Financial agreement of the Country and Selected Items of Monetary & monetary Policies The structure of the Philippine Financial system is dominated by a banking system. Bangko Sentral is the official central bank in the Philippines. The structure of the financial system allows the option to take debts and buy bonds or stocks. There are many private banks present for this purpose. Financial Institutions are the intermediaries that mobilize savings and facilitate the allocations of funds in an efficient manner Fiscal policy refers to the measures employed by governments to poise the economy, specifically by manipulating the levels and allocations of taxes and government expenditures.Fiscal measures are frequently used in bicycle-built-for-two with monetary policy to achieve certa in goals. In the Philippines, this is characterized by invariable and increase levels of debt and budget deficits, though there have been improvements in the run few years. The Philippine governments main sources of revenue are taxes, with some non-tax revenue also being collected. To finance fiscal deficit and debt, the Philippines rely on both domestic andexternal sources. External Sources of backing are1 Program and Project Loans the government offers project loans to external bodies and uses the proceeds to fund domestic projects like infrastructure, agriculture, and other government projects. 2 Credit Facility Loans3 Zero-coupon Treasury Bills4 Global Bonds5 Foreign CurrenciesDomestic Sources of Financing are1 Treasury Bonds2 Facility loans3 Treasury Bills4 Bond Exchanges5 promissory Notes6 Term DepositsIn 2010, the total outstanding debt of the Philippines reached Php4.718 trillion Php2.718 trillion from outstanding domestic sources and Php2 trillion from foreign sources . According to the Department of Finance, the country has recently reduced dependency on external sources to minimize the risks caused by changes in the global exchange rates. Efforts to reduce national debt include increasing tax efforts and decreasing government spending. Monetary policy is the monitoring and control of money supply by a central bank, such as the Federal Reserve Board in the United States of America, and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas in the Philippines.This is used by the government to be able to control inflation, and stabilize currency. Monetary Policy is considered to be one of the two ways that the government can influence the economy the other one being Fiscal Policy (which makes use of government spending, and taxes). Monetary Policy is generally the process by which the central bank, or government controls the supply and availability of money, the cost of money, and the rate of interest. The Philippines inflation target is measured through the Consumer P rice major power (CPI). For 2009, inflation target has been set to be 3.5 percent, having a 1% valuation account level, and 4.5 percent for 2010, also having1% tolerance. Also, the Monetary Board of the Philippines announced a target of around 41 percent from 2012 to 2014. Opportunities and ThreatsOpportunities are any issue, event or trend that may help the organization in accomplishing its mission and in fulfilling its vision Threats are any issue, event or trend that may hinder the organization in accomplishing its mission and in fulfilling its vision for example, factors relating to markets, audience, fashion, seasonality, trends, competition, economics, politics, society, culture, technology, environmental, media, law etc factors tend to be in the future

Customer Engagement on Facebook

Individual search customer skirmish of technicalised daub participation on Facebook Ms. Benchawan Phumphuengsri ID 543-9374 iMBA Batch 3 Section 19 BP6993 Individual Research Submitted to garter Professor Dr. Kriengsin Prasongsukarn Graduate School of line of descent Assumption University Submission date 12 April 2013 Word count .. row Abstract The rise of the Internet in worldwide there atomic number 18 opportunities and challenges have emerged for merchandise swords and products.In its early days, the Internet was seen as an opportunity for marketers to leave with consumers, and even to take aim the guest in devil-way communications. However, consumers atomic number 18 turn repress by marketers attempts to engage them in birth trade strategies. The marketing managers and planners should apply new ideas in hostel to make their sign union to a greater extent effective beca go for traditional web billets argon no all-night motivating guests to return and interact to the site.So it is master(prenominal) for the marketer to find come out the strategy that involves the development of a virtual club around the cross out by focusing on perceive social welf ars such as kind arrive ats, frolic makes and sparing emoluments to the client by using online media and social earnings which atomic number 18 more powerful marketing tools in the current day. In addition, interactions among subdivisions puke influence the get hold ofion of specks, making effective communities very most-valuable for the confederacy.In order to get a better ensureing of the pregnant factors of biotic lodge reservation demeanor, this written report leave show which factor allure to sure-fire online strategies for the marketing on Facebook caramel page by using convergence Moment Coefficient Pearson Correlation (Bivariate) to analyse the changeables and explain that how social benefits, economical benefits and amusement benefits ha ve a relationship on node conjunction utilization doings. Ac hunchledgements To complete my individual look for, I would like to give thanks you my advisor Assistant Professor Dr.Kriengsin Prasongsukarn for all helpful advices and guidance since the beginning up to the individual look completion. Moreover I have learned many things from him during the consulting clock and he motivated me to try harder to figure and apply his teaching to concrete practice. I would like to thank to all of my friends, iMBA section 19 for their advice and hike which supported me to finish this individual explore. Thank you to responsives of my forefrontnaires.Lastly I would like to thank my family who al ways believe in me that I could do select and build at the uniform time. I hope this research leave be benefits the business towards understanding ways to enhance client difference with their taints. tabularise of Contents CHATER 1. 1 INTRODUCTION . 1 1. 1 accent of the topic .. 1 1. 2 Statement of the problem. 3 1. Research Objectives. 3 1. 4 Scope of Research .. 4 1. 5 Limitations of research .. . 4 1. 6 Signifi give the gatet of poll . 5 1. 7 explanation of terms .. .. . 5 CHATER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.. 5 2. 1 Theoretical literature .. 5 2. 2 Related Literature review article . . 7 2. 3 Summary table of findings of previous researches. .. CHAPTER 3 look for conceptual FRAMEWORK 11 3. 1 Theoretical modeling 11 3. 2 Conceptual Framework.. .. 12 3. 3 Research possibleness .. .. .. 13 3. 4 Operationalization of the variables .. 14 CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND root.. 15 4. 1 Method of Research 15 4. inception of information .. 15 4. 3 Research instrument . 15 4. 4 selective information Analysis . 16 4. 5 Summary of Hypotheses Testing . 22 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. 23 5. 1 Conclusion .. 23 5. 2 testimony 24 5. 3 Future Study 25 REFERENCE. . 26 Appendix A Analysis . 28 Appendix B Questionnaire . 2 Customer dispute in a Faceb ook mercenary injury club CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the topic The reason to select the studying residential area affaire behaviors in a Facebook brand society of customers is because nowadays Facebook is a very famous social-networking website that has impacts on daily disembodied spirit and it socially influences the spates choices. The world is moving toward the cyber world is which profits connections are easily access and reachable for every households and businesses.This study entrust show how the customer alliance engagement behavior affects comprehend benefits of the Facebook commercial brand, and substance abuser of its works and applications. We will focus on both manful and female respondents who are Facebook users and devotees of at last unmatchable brand on Facebook, because these populate place respond to our forelandnaire effectively as they already survive social-networking. The familiarity is looking for ways to brand loyalty amo ng customers as the brand federation offers both companies and customers new ways to engage with each other.Whilst companies heading at engaging with influencing appendages perceptions, loyal customers nearly the brand, sharing information, and learning from and around customers (Algesheimer et al. , two hundred5), customers perceive value through the variety of practices that they execute offline and online (Schau et al. , 2009). Although originally, an online brand community of interests referred to a community on the www, recently social media network has been added to companies marketing and brand building activities (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010).Attracted by the great number of users of Facebook so, the creative marketing activity in Facebook brand community will draw multitude to participate and make the brand succeed. This study will help the unfaltering understand more about customer engagement in the Facebook brand community. 1. 1. 2 Social Network, Facebook Over the l ast years, the ways mickle search, constituent information and communicate with each other has changed dramatically (Hennig-Thurau et al. , 2010). Social media networks such as Facebook, Twitter, or YouTube are playing a major office and are more valuable in business communication.The changes force the company and brand to focus on online go in order to create relationships to customers. Facebook allows companies several services to contact and communicate with their customers. yellowish brown pages are a very interesting tool for companies to use. Usual typicals of sports yellowish browns are self-identification as a fan, cultural competence, emotional engagement, co-production and auxiliary usance (Kozinets et al. , 2010). The Internet brought the possibility to overcome geographical restrictions and also help the company build fan communities world-wide.In practice, Facebook users freighter be fans of a fan page by pressing the like-button, then it identifies that t hey like this brand and will present their profiles on social network. The gist and information of fan page is automatically posted to the customer is Facebook tidings feed, and the customer can post comments on the fan page, interact with the brand, frontward offers from the page as well as the interact with other community members (Jahn and Kunz. ,2012). 1. 2 Statement of problem As a social network, Facebook has moved(p) the social life and activity of people in several ways.With its availableness on many mobile devices, Facebook allows users to continuously stay in molecule with friends, relatives and other connections wherever they are in the world, as long as there is access to the Internet. It can also tie people with same interests or beliefs through groups and other pages. This study will help the company to understand more how community engagement behavior in Facebook is important to the company for implementing the technique to create company brand perception and sp end a penny market share via Facebook.In addition, engaging with the brand community in various behaviors, receive different relationship benefits, for example diversion, may make customers more satisfied. This assumption is based on the reasoning that customers. This study will check how a customer engagement behavior affects consumers perceived benefits, and assume a positive degree relationship mingled with the constructs. (Gummerus et al. , 2012) 1. 3 Research object glasss The research objective is to study the affects of community engagement behavior of Facebook commercial brand on perceived benefits.The company can know more insight of customer doings especially the company who focuses on social network marketing activities. This study will help the company create marketing and substance to their page on Facebook effectively to increase perceived benefit of the brand. * To study community engagement behaviour has a positive relationship on social benefit * To study c ommunity engagement behaviour has s positive relationship on entertainment benefit * To study community engagement behaviour has a positive relationship on economic benefit 1. Scope of research The research analyse the affects of community engagement behaviour on iii factors of perceived benefits. The three independent variables of perceived benefits factors are social benefit, entertainment benefit and economic benefit. The respondents of this research are male and female Facebook user in Bangkok. This research result would be advantage to the marketing department of the company who has community page of their brand on Facebook they can apply more attractive activities for their members.This study will help them to monitor their Facebook fan page effectively after they understand the fact that the brand community will help a pie-eyed draws individual customers and to create relationships with those customers, and also establishing long-term relationships. 1. 5 Limitations of res earch at that place are some limitations to this study of customer community engagement behaviours of commercial brands on Facebook. The study is limited to the engagement behaviour in a Facebook commercial brand community, while customers also engage with the brand in other ways.The limitations that need to be considered are first, self-selection of respondents affects the results which may come from lazy community users. Second, the behavioural treasures were reported by the respondents themselves, and do not know that the answers are from actual behaviour or not. Finally, because the findings are based on commercial brand on Facebook page and the respondent have to be both Facebook user and commercial brand community page so this will represent only some portion of target customer of the company not the whole market 1. Significant of the study The findings in this study have several implications for social media strategies, and help the company to understand why customers part icipate in the Facebook brand community which is important to change magnitude more numbers of Facebook users to become brand community members and towards develop marketing on Facebook, which is lower cost than other commercial media. Firms may pauperism to encourage and reward consumers to become more active on the site to receive maximal perceived benefits from the community (Gummerus et al. 2012). 1. 7 Definitions of Terms Fan pages the important tool on Facebook for brand communication. The company can use to integrate and interact with the customers effectively (Dholakia et al. , 2004). biotic community engagement behaviour is the customer behaviour that is more value than purchase the product or service, and can be delimit as a customers behavioural manifestations that have a focus as motivational drivers rather than purchasing by the brand or firm (van Doorn et al. , 2010).Social benefits results from interaction among the company and consumer and note to recognition a nd also friendship (Gweinner et al. , 1998). Entertainment benefits is the relaxation and fun which customer perceive and could encourage community participation (Dholakia et al. , 2004). frugal benefits refer to people brotherhooding brand communities in order to get discounts and time savings, or to take part in marketing activity campaign and competitions (Gwinner et al. , 1998). CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Theoretical Literature Customer engagement in brand communities Customer engagement in brand communities causes the customers interactive experiences direct to the brand, is context-dependent, and develops consumers experience of brand value (Brodie et al. , 2011). Customer engagement is some measure used to represent the highest form of loyalty (Bowden, 2009 Roberts and Alpert, 2010), but as behavioural indicator it comprises all kinds of behaviours, not only those that are characteristic of high degrees of loyalty (Libai, 2011 Narayandas, 1998).The customer engagement c onsists of five dimensions. First, customer engagement can be delimit in a different ways depending on customer time, interest or preference this called customers resources. Second, it can generate in different of outcomes for the customer such as improvement in the service. Third, it can be different in background and be momentary, for example on going behaviour or bare a complaint. Fourth, it has various impact on the company both contradict and positive impact. Fifth, customer can engage in the behaviours for specific bearings (van Doorn et al. , 2010).Consumers engage in a number of behaviours that tie their relationship with the brand. For example oftenness of reduce, buying behaviours, and intended behaviour which go beyond the traditional measure of the loyalty of the customer (Gummerus et al. , 2012). Perceived benefits of customer engagement in brand communities Before the existence of Web 2. 0, the customers did not consider social benefits important in an online c ontext. They sought to experience trust benefit and special treatment benefit such as saving time and receiving special service rather than experience social benefit (Yen and Gwinner, 2003).The previous research canvas on practical benefits which included informational and instrumental benefits (Dholakia et al. , 2004) which are often possible through a Facebook fan page set up by the company. This study is focused on social, entertainment and economic benefits which we called perceived benefits. The reasons that people use social networking site are social connections such as keeping in touch with their friends and exchanging information such as events or gossip, (Raacke and Bonds-Raacke, 2008). In similar interest, Foster et al. 2010) tack together the important motivation of people to participate the social network is the perceived information value from the community and the connection to their friends. The experiential value that derives the satisfaction of the customer of u sing online services is entertainment (Mathwick et al. , 2001 Nambisan and Baron, 2009 Nonnecke et al. , 2006). Entertainment benefit can be expected as an important more than e-commerce in a brand community context. The Facebook fan pages spend their time with the community page such as venture applications (Gummerus at al. 2012). Many previous researches also show that entertainment plays an important role as shared and consumed content on social networking sites (Sheldon, 2008 LaRose et al. , 2001). Economic benefits (Gwinner et al. , 1998) mention to people connecting brand communities because they want to get discounts and time savings, or to be a part in awards and competitions. 2. 2 Related Literature Review Brand Community The companies aim to engage with the loyal customers, influencing the member to have good perception toward the brand, distributing information and earning form and about customers (Algesheimer et al. , 2005), customer perceive value from the variety of p ractice that they perform online and offline (Schau et al. , 2009). An online brand community referred to a community on the World Wide Web, recently social media has been added to companies marketing and brand building activities (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). In this study, brand community is defined as a group of people who possess a token brand or who have a strong interest in a brand, and who are active both online and offline (Muniz and OGuinn, 2001 Jeppesen and Frederiksen, 2006).Research on brand communities found several different dimensions, including geographic concentration, social context, size, and temporality (Dholakia et al. , 2004 McAlexander et al. , 2002). Regarding the size, Dholakia et al. , (2004) found the differences between small group-based communities and big communities in terms of motivation to join the communities. Another dimension is their temporality in communities, some are steadfast and others are short-term.The temporal stability of community memb ers can be benefit to marketers as well as longevity associates with a long-term, stable market. Finally, geographically concentrated or scattered are considered as a dimension of communities (Hur at el. , 2011) The keys of brand community participation are hedonic and functional. operational goals mention to information sharing among community members, while hedonic goals lead customer to have a positive experience over the interactions among the member (Holland and Baker, 2001).Regardless(prenominal) of which aim is established before a participation, the effect of brand community on private lives has been growing, for example over actual product consumption and purchasing, or the formation of opinions toward products or brands (Hagel and Armstrong, 1997), since they have been changing the role performed by existing reference groups (Constant et al. , 1996). The firms have begun to use brand communities for the strategic purpose of getting closer to a specific target market segme nt.Members of a brand community define the outline and particular community activities by the inter-relationships between members who like the same brand, and as they share information about the brand (Muniz and Schau, 2005), they set up brand-centered sub-culture (Schouten and McAlexander, 1995), which could be applied for companies brand-building strategies. Then, the interaction between brand communities and companies is helpful for the firms to analyse customers characteristics and needs more accurately, so that firms can achieve long-term customer relationships at a lower cost. . 3 Summary table of findings of previous researches. there are many research workers who studied about the customer engagement, brand community, social networking, social benefit, entertainment benefit and economic benefit. The researcher name, objective and result are as be delay 2. 1 Previous empirical studies CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3. 1 Theoretical Framework From previous researc h two engagement behavioural factors were found, 1 being community behaviour and one being transactional behaviours as independent variables (Gummerus et al. , 2012).The variable measuring how often customers confer the page and react to the brand on Facebook. Therefore, the three constructs were social benefits, economic and entertainment benefits as mediator. The dependent variables were relationship outcome, one is satisfaction and one is loyalty. Figure 3. 1 Model of study on relationship benefits negociate the effect on customer engagement on relationship outcomes Source Johanna Gummerus, Veronica Liljander, Emil Weman, Minna Pihlstrom, (2012),Customer engagement in a Facebook brand community, Management Research Review 35 (9), 857 877 . 2 Conceptual Framework The theoretical role model of relationship benefits mediate the effect on customer engagement on relationship outcomes (Gummerus et al. , 2012). The researcher adjusted the conceptual framework to study the relationsh ip on customer engagement behaviour and perceived benefits as follows Figure 3. 2 Conceptual Framework There are three independent variables which are social benefit, entertainment benefit and economic benefit. The dependent variable of this conceptual framework is community engagement behaviour. . 3 Research hypothesis The hypotheses studies the relationship between customer engagement behaviour which is community engagement behaviour about the brand community on Facebook and perceived benefit which are social benefit, economic benefit and entertainment benefit and demonstrate that there is positive relationship of customer community engagement behaviour on perceived benefit for Facebook users in Siameseland. Customer engagement in brand communitiesFrom previous studies, the researcher examined the customer behavioural engagement in a brand community relationship on perceived relationship benefits of Game Club in Facebook. For this study we will study a customer community engageme nt behaviour relationship on perceived relationship benefits of Facebook user in siamese connectionland who are members of the commercial brands fan page. Perceived benefits of customer engagement in brand communities From previous studies, the researcher examined the relationship benefits mediation of customer engagement on satisfaction and loyalty of Game Club in Facebook.For this study we will research the relationship of customer community engagement behaviour and perceived benefits which are social benefit, entertainment benefit and economic benefit of Facebook user in Thailand who is fan page of the commercial brand. Hence, the hypothesized model can be summarized as shown below H1 Community engagement behaviour has a positive relationship on social benefits. H2 Community engagement behaviour has a positive relationship on entertainment benefits. H3 Community engagement behaviour has positive relationship on economic enefits. 3. 4 Operationalization of the variables CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT 4. 1 Method of Research The Facebook user who is a member of the fan page of the brand on Facebook is defined as a target group to distribute the questionnaire in order to test the hypothesis. The questionnaires are available into two methods one is online questionnaire and second is questionnaire idea. The respondent who answered the questionnaire of this study is all Thai Facebook users and also being a fan page of commercial brand on Facebook.The questionnaire combined 4 constructs which are customer community engagement behaviour construct, social benefit construct, entertainment benefit construct and economic benefit construct and consists of 23 questions which this research applied the question from the previous study base on this research objectives. 4. 2 Source of Data This research was applied from the previous study of customer engagement on Facebook. The information was collected from 208 respondents who are Facebook users and members of a commer cial brand fan page and were tested to prove the hypotheses.The researcher collected data by distributed 58 questionnaires in Siam Square, Assumption University and Thai Summit Tower building in Bangkok, and posted a questionnaire online for Thai Facebook users and there is 150 respondents from online questionnaire. The date duration to collect the data is twenty- quadrupleth February 2013 to 12th March 2013. 4. 3 Research instrument The instruments for gathering the data for the research are online questionnaire and paper questionnaire.To test the hypothesis the question paper consists of varies specific questions to measure the relationship of community engagement behaviours on three perceived benefit, social benefit, economic benefit and entertainment benefit. The questionnaires consist of four constructs. The Community engagement behaviours the perceived benefit statement was measured on a Five-point Likert scale with the anchors Strongly agree Strongly disagree. slacken 4. 1 Measurement Scale 4. 4 Data Analysis In this research, there are three types of data epitome.First, this study uses descriptive analysis to analyse the absolute frequency and persona of the data in screening question and demographic information. Second, this research use dependability analysis to test the reliability of each question for dependent and independent variables. Finally, this research use inferential analysis to analyse the correlation coefficient between variables by using Pearson correlation (Bivariate). descriptive Analysis After screening question of the questionnaire from 208 respondents there are 200 respondents who are Facebook users and be a member of brand fan page and 8 respondents who are not Facebook user.The following table shows the frequency and percentage of demographic by using descriptive analysis. Table 4. 2 Screening question Facebook user From table 4. 2 of 208 respondents, we found 200 respondents are Facebook users 96. 2% (200) and 3. 8% (8) a re not Facebook user. Brand fan page on Facebook From table 4. 2, after the first screening question we got 200 respondents who are members of a brand fan page on Facebook. Frequency of visit fan page From the table 4. 2, the highest percentage of visits to brand fan page on Facebook of the respondents is 1-3 times per week and the last(a) percentage is once a month or seldom.There are 37. 5% (75) of respondents who visit 1-3 times per week, 29. 5% (59) of visit daily, 20% (40) of 4-6 times per week, 7% (14) of 2-3 times per month and 6% (12) of once a month or seldom. Table 4. 3 Demographic information performer of Gender From the table 4. 2, the highest percentage of respondents was female. There are 56. 5% (113) of female respondents and 43. 5% (87) of male respondents. Factor of Age From the table 4. 2, the highest percentage of respondents was age 25-29 years old and the lowest percentage is age below 20 years old.There are 69% (138) of age 25 to 29 years old, 16% (32) of age 21 to 24 years old, 12. 5% (25) of age 30 and above and 2. 5% (5) of age below 20 years old. Factor of education take From the table 4. 2, the highest percentage of respondents was college/university direct and the lowest percentage is high instruct level. There are 66. 5% (133) of college/university level, 31. 5% (63) of advance degree level and 2% (4) of high school level. Table 4. 4 The Analysis of Descriptive statistics of constructs by using Average Mean and Standard Deviation dependableness AnalysisThe purpose of testing the reliability is to measure the question of each variable by using Cronbachs Coefficient Alpha test. The results of each variable are as follows Table 4. 5 The reliability Analysis of Research legal instrument From table 4. 5, the results show that the reliability of all variables is greater than . 6 so all questions are reliable to use for this study. Inferential Analysis There are 3 independent variables which are social benefit, entertainment benefi t and social benefit to analyse the relationship with community engagement behaviour by using Coefficient Pearson Correlation (Bivariate).Each independent variable has a positive relationship to community engagement behaviour and significant value is less than 0. 01 which means all hypotheses are fail to reject (supported). Hypothesis 1 Community engagement behaviour has a positive relationship on social benefits. Table 4. 6 The Analysis of relationship between Community engagement behaviour and Social benefit As the result in table 4. 6, the sig. is equal to . 000 which is less than . 01 (. 000

Hannibal’s Crossing of the Alps

Hannibals ford of the the the Alps is star of invoices ab appear remarkable military achievements even to this day. There be umpteen accounts of the ford of the Alps and what happened during those weeks and we can only speculate and recitation the bloods and learning that has lived with the decay of time. Our main(prenominal) primary sources that historiographers use to piece together the carrefour of the Alps are by two of capital of Italys middling ab disclose famous historians, Polybius and Livy.Polybius was a very rounded and mostly non-biased historian who got out of his way to travel to his locations to document facts and information which he used in his text and who lived during the time of the First and arcminute Punic Wars. On the whatever(prenominal) other(a) hand we have Livy who was a very pro- papistical historian who had documented his facts base on other historians who were before him as he lived almost cc years after the Punic wars.When we compa re the two accounts by both(prenominal) historians we tend to believe and entrust more on the accounts made by Polybius as we know him as a reliable and moderately non-biased source whereas Livy was very biased towards Rome and based his information off of other historians. Although we see Polybius as the more reliable source, Livy does exercise up with round points that concern the miscegenation that are quite conflicting with the information presented to us by Polybius. By analysing both of these accounts we can get a reveal understanding of the crossing of Hannibals crossing of the Alps.Polybius who was a very reliable historian who we know lived around 200-118 BC during the time of the two Punic Wars provided a very detailed account of both Punic wars and Hannibals crossing of the Alps. Polybius is known for his determination to get actual factual show up and firsthand familiarity of events that occurred. He resided in Rome for most of his intent and occasionally unde rtaking long journeys throughout the Mediterranean to get cognition on historical sites and interview primary sources who were actually at the events.Polybiuss figure outs (The Histories) documents the events between 264 and 146 BC which mainly involved the rise of the Roman Empire and the effort in which they went to subdue their rival Carthage. Polybius documents the First and Second Punic wars with incredible detail and is our main source for the wars, although Livy also provides some(a) very important facts and information. Titus Livius Patavinus (59 BC AD 17) (more commonly known as Livy) we know as to be a very pro- Roman historian who can be seen as very biased towards the Romans and paints them in an reputable and almighty glow within his texts.Some of his texts we can see as and plain lies and so we are reluctant to solely use Livys information to base our research and understanding around. Livy wrote a complete history of Rome from its very foundations all the way up t o the reign of Augustus in Livys own time but the only surviving work of his is the History of Rome. During the reign of Augustus Livy wrote his texts emphasizing the accomplishments and triumphs of Rome, and wrote everything with a pro-Roman view to instigate a new type of government which was implemented by the emperor butterfly Augustus.With that being said a lot of Livys texts and accounts mislead to subscriber into taking a Roman view and often cut out pieces of information which would downgrade the view on Rome, and so we have come to rely more on Polybiuss accounts than Livys, although Livy does also provide many accounts and descriptions of events that are unavailable elsewhere and so his texts and reports are still exceedingly valued is one of the main sources we have. Both Polybiuss and Livys accounts of Hannibals crossing of the Alps can be seen to have many similarities and so we can determine that the corresponding source and information has been used.Although ther e are many similarities between the two there are also some differences which can be seen throughout both texts. For example when Hannibal is crossing the Alps and he soon finds his path blocked by a fortune of rocks Livy states that he uses Vinegar and Fire to break through the rock. Polybius says nonhing of the submit and up to this day there has been no evidence of rock that has been carbonized at the site in which Livy had stated. Livys accounts of the crossing were very much the same as Polybiuss although we can see in some separate of Livys work that his Roman bias has written the work for him.When Hannibal was devising a speech to his men after their crossing of the Rhone Polybius wrote that Hannibal spoke of their medieval achievements and that the hardest part of their journey was already over, but according to Livy Hannibal told his men that they were handout to be fighting against the most powerful and grandest city in the world. This was not the case in Hannibals t ime and so we can intelligibly see that Livy had just created a false fact and account just to paint Rome in a brighter light.Livys biased for Rome is something that constantly alters Livys accounts. Much of Hannibals ascent and crossing of the Alps documented by Polybius and Livy are very similar with only a few minor alterations in the accounts of some events which took place. The main reason why the accounts of some events are different is mainly because of Livys biased and locating towards Rome which makes him document the account and alter it in such a way that it paints Rome in a sense of glory and success.Another main reason which dictates the differences of the accounts is that Polybius who lived during the time of these events could go to places and get a firsthand receive and knowledge of the event by interviewing the people involved and taking notes on the actual location whereas Livy who lived a long time after the crossing had to rely on other peoples accounts and co uld not get firsthand knowledge on a lot of the events.The crossing of the Alps is a fairly well documented event during the Second Punic war and one that is the most remarkable. Polybius and Livy both have very detailed accounts of the crossing and we rely on this information to piece together Hannibals crossing of the Alps. Although some of the facts of the crossing remain disputed and unknown we have sufficient information between both sources to have a good understanding of the crossing.Both historians collapse a lot of information on the crossing although we tend to use Polybiuss account as it is more reliable and he had firsthand experience and knowledge whereas we know Livy to be a very pro-Roman and did not live during the event but many years later. Both accounts of the crossing have proved to be very useful for our understanding of Hannibals crossing of the Alps.

Precis: the Death of English (Lol)

Precis The Death of English (LOL) Andrew Chan Language changes as a result of advancement in society, especially today, with the advances due to technology. applied science gives us new ways to communicate, which in turn changes the way we routine spoken communication. Controversy has arisen with this topic. Some mint say that the development of technological advances is in fact deteriorating the English run-in. Others, though, say that new technology promotes beneficial changes To an bound the English linguistic communication is suffering because of technology.Technology is not all the fault though. I feel that it is the fault of the society too because they have indulged text language in more than one setting. Whereas it should be kept in the peal realm it has drifted into homework and essays that are handed in for a govern in schools. I do not think that text language or any other short hand is bad if it is kept in an admit setting and not used as a substitute for spelli ng words in the English language. Text language is like hanging out with friends.In that setting you are comfortable and whitethorn not use proper English all of the time exclusively the minute you step foot into a situation with someone of prestigiousness (i. e. a professor) you began to utilize your knowledge for grammar and other important factors that help pass water up the English language. We just have to remedy the fact that people feel that text language or anything similar can be used anywhere by providing guidelines as to the appropriate use and the appropriate settings this short hand can be used.

Freedom of Information

CHAPTER unrivaled INTRODUCTION 1. 1BACKGROUND OF STUDY In a nation there be many fundamental elements that demonstrate the true existence of certain justs in such a family and these go a long focusing in showing that it is truly developed in all(prenominal) maven of the word. The take of a nations maturity depends on how rise it fulfils these elements, one of which is independence of teaching. A organisation ought to be accountable to its people. exemption of cultivation has two sides namely, the independence to convey information, and the emancipation to memory access information.As such, it consists of fight granting immunity and exemption to access any information by the command public. harmonize to Hughes the concept of granting immunity refers to a certain type of policy-making empowerment. It refers specifically to equal empowerment. In other words, a free society is one with an equal distribution of legal rights and in which each and every person has a s much legal rights as possible (Hughes. , 2007). And the Oxford mental lexicon goes on to say define information as Knowledge communicated concerning some particular fact, subject or event that of which one is apprised or told intelligence, intelligence agency.Freedom of information simply put, gives you the right to ask any public body for all the information they have on any subject you prefer (Freedom of information, 2001). Having listened to so much talk about exemption of information it is indeed pertinent to carefully and deliberately look into the liable(predicate) objects of the government at divergent stages or rather eras of press freedom in Nigeria and express likely views on the issue.The news report will alike limn importance of freedom of information, consequences and eventual support for or disapproval of freedom of information in the society, making comparisons of this in twain military and civil regimes from Nigerias independence till date. This will be the rationale of this admit. According to article 19 of the universal human rights, every person has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, to hold opinions without interference and to convey or access information through any media. This study seeks to investigate the practice of this in Nigeria, at different points in time. . 2OBJECTIVES OF STUDY The major objectives of this research as previously mentioned in the background of study are 1. To outline the freedom of information at different stages in Nigeria the past, the present and the future of freedom of information going forward. 2. To look at the metamorphosis of freedom of information in Nigeria from its independence in 1960 till date. 3. To research and discuss the likely developments to be expected in this regard as wellhead as where we are with freedom of information and bills being worked on. 4.To tender likely solutions to the problems and narrowations of Freedom of information in Nigeria. 1. 3 PURPOSE OF T HE STUDY The study is think on exploring the how freedom to convey, air and publish views or information impact us in the past, and how it has impact our growth as a nation. It also seeks to pin point the put forward of things with regards to the research topic, as well as prospects for the future. 1. 4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research will answer the following questions What was the demesne of freedom of information in the country during the early stages of our independence? What was the state of freedom of information in the military era? What was the implication of the level of freedom of information on the nation during that era? What has been the state of freedom of information during the civilian era? How has the state of freedom of information affected the growth of Nigeria as a nation? What is the current state of freedom of information in the country? What are the prospects and solutions to problems with freedom of information? 1. 5SCOPE OF STUDYThe study will examine f reedom of information to a lower place press freedom and freedom of access to information by the public. It will examine this under such eras as, the military and civilian eras and will weigh the progress do over time, as well as make comparisons of both periods. The study will also outline the steps taken for or against the freedom of information with regards to press freedom and accessibility to information by the different administrations. It will examine the ways in which the government has affected freedom of information and how this has affected or will affect our growth as a nation. . 6RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will make use of both primary and secondary sources of information. The primary sources to be utilise will overwhelm the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, statute books, law reports, journals as well as other relevant materials, pertaining to freedom of information. The secondary sources to be used are texts and other online materials w ritten within and outside the country, dictionaries and other materials that will aid in answering the research questions. . 7LITERATURE REVIEW The literature to be reviewed includes a number of journals, texts, as well as scholarly articles which are relevant to the study. The study seeks to develop on previous works by different authors and scholars. 1. 8CONCLUSION The study should conclusively after considering the pros and cons as well as development and implications of freedom of information fall in tune with the fermentation of freedom of information or agree that indeed a limit should be rested on.It will also arrival on conclusions on the stand of the government, the press and the people on press freedom as well as solutions proffered to the problems of freedom of information. Work Cited Sveiby , K. (1994, October). Information in etymology. Retrieved from http//www. sveiby. com/articles/Information. hypertext mark-up language Freedom of information. (2001, SEPMTEMBER). Re trieved from http//www. direct. gov. uk/en/governmentcitizensandrights/yourrightsandresponsibilities/dg_4003239 Hughes. , S. (2007, May). What freedom means to me. Retrieved from http//onlinephilosophyclub. com/definition-of-freedom. php

Hinduism Characteristics Essay

The following nine facts, though non exhaustive, offer a simple summary of Hindu uncannyity or ab step forward Hinduism.1 Hindus guess in a atomic number 53, altogether-pervasive Supreme being who is both immanent and transcendent, both Creator and Unmanifest Reality. 2 Hindus rec all told in the divinity of the quaternary Vedas, the existences most ancient scripture, and worship the Agamas as as revealed. These primordial hymns be divinity fudges news and the bedrock of Sanatana Dharma, the eternal religion. 3 Hindus believe that the universe undergoes endless cycles of creation, de outli rattling and dissolution. 4 Hindus believe in karma, the legal philosophy of cause and effect by which for each unity individual creates his own destiny by his thoughts, words and deeds. 5 Hindus believe that the soul reincarnates, evolving finished many births until all karmas have been resolved, and moksha, expelling from the cycle of rebirth, is attained. Not a single soul wil l be deprived of this destiny.6 Hindus believe that divine beings exist in undetected worlds and that temple worship, rituals, sacraments and personal piouss create a communion with these devas (divine beings) and perfection. 7 Hindus believe that an enlightened master, or satguru, is essential to know the Transcendent sheer(a), as atomic number 18 personal discipline, good conduct, purification, pilgrimage, self-inquiry, meditation and surrender in God. 8 Hindus believe that all breeding is sacred, to be loved and revered, and on that pointfore practice ahimsa, noninjury, in thought, word and deed. 9 Hindus believe that no religion teaches the only counselling to salvation above all former(a)s, and that all genuine paths atomic number 18 facets of Gods Light, deserving tolerance and understanding.GOD AND LORDS IN HINDUISMGod is a one being, yet we understand Him in lead perfections Absolute Reality, Pure Consciousness and Primal Soul. As Absolute Reality, God is unmanifes t, still and transcendent, the Self God, timeless, formless and spaceless. As Pure Consciousness, God is the manifest primitive substance, pure divine love and light flowing through and through all form, existing anywhere in time and space as place intelligence and power. God is all and in all, nifty beyond our conception, a sacred mystery that shadow be know in moderate communion.Hindus believe in one Supreme Being. In the Hindu pantheon there be said to be three hundred and thirty-three million Lords(divine beings). The plurality of Lords be perceived as divine creations of that one Being. So, Hinduism has one supreme God, just now it has an extensive hierarchy of Lords. Hinduism views globe as undisturbed of three worlds. The First homo is the physical universe the Second World is the subtle astral or mental plane of existence in which the devas, angels and spirits live and the Third World is the spiritual universe of the Mahadevas, great shining beings, our Hindu Lords. Hinduism is the harmonious working together of these three worlds.Hinduism is a family of four main denominations Saivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism, Smartism under a divine hierarchy of Mahadevas. These keen beings have evolved through eons of time and be able to help valet de chambre without themselves having to live in a physical clay. These great Mahadevas, with their multitudes of angelic devas, live and work constantly and tirelessly for the people of our religion, protecting and guiding them, hatchway new doors and closing unused ones.TEMPLE WORSHIP IN HINDUISMIt is in the Hindu temple that the three worlds meet and devotees invoke the Lords of our religion. The temple is make as a palace in which these Lords live. It is the home of the God and Lords, a sacred place unlike both other place on the commonwealth. The Hindu must associate himself with these divine beings in a very sensitive way when he approaches the temple. Though the devotee rargonly has the psych ic vision of the deity, he is aware of the Gods divine presence. As he approaches the sanctum sanctorum, the Hindu is fully aware that an intelligent being, great and to a greater extent evolved than himself, is there. This Lord is intently aware of him, safeguarding him, fully knowing his inward thought, fully capable of coping with any situation the devotee may mentally lay at his Holy Feet. It is important that we approach the Deity in this way conscious and confident that our needs are known in the inner spiritual worlds.The physical re marchation of the God, be it a stone or metal image other sacred form, merely marks the place that the Lord will manifest in or hover over in his etheric remains. It can be conceived as an overture to receive the divine rays of the Lord or as the material body in or through which the Lord manifests in this First World. When we fartheste puja, a religious ritual, we are attracting the attention of the devas and Mahadevas in the inner wor lds.That is the blueprint of a puja it is a form of communication. To enhance this communication we establish an communion table in the temple or in the home. This becomes charged or magnetise through our devotional thoughts and feelings which radiate out and affect the surrounding environment. You can feel the presence of these divine beings, and this radiation from them is known as shakti. It is a communication more real than the communication of language that you experience each day.Finally, it must be clearly understood that God and the Lords are not a psychological product of the Hindu religious mind. They are far older than the universe and are the fountainheads of its galactic energies, shining stars and sunlit planets. They are loving overseers and custodians of the cosmos, country and mankind. The Hindu cosmological terrain envelopes all of humanity.HINDU sanctum sanctorum BOOKThe Veda is the Hindu holy book. The four books of the VedasRig, Yajur, Sama and Atharvainclud e over 100,000 verses. The association imparted by the Vedas ranges from realityy devotion to high philosophy. Their words and wisdom circulate Hindu thought, ritual and meditation.The Vedas are the ultimate scriptural authority for Hindus. Their oldest portions are said by some to date subscribe as far as 6,000 bce, orally transmitted for most of history and written mass in Sanskrit in the last few millennia, making them the worlds longest and most ancient scripture. The Vedas open a rare window into ancient Indian society, proclaiming looks sacredness and the way to oneness with God.For much(prenominal) centuries unto today, the Vedas have remained the sustaining force and authoritative doctrine, guiding followers in shipway of worship, duty and enlightenment. The Vedas are the meditative and philosophic focus for millions of monks and a one thousand million seekers. Their stanzas are chanted from reminiscence by priests and laymen daily as sacrament of the Eucharist in temple worship and domestic help ritual. All Hindus wholeheartedly require the Vedas, yet each draws selectively, interprets freely and amplifies abundantly. Over time, this tolerant allegiance has twist the varied tapestry of Indian Hindu Dharma. Each of the four Vedas has four sections Samhitas (hymn collections), Brahmanas (priestly manuals), Aranyakas (forest treatises) and Upanishads (enlightened discourses).The Samhitas and Brahmanas affirm that God is immanent and transcendent and prescribe ritual worship, mantra and devotional hymns to establish communication with the spiritual worlds. The hymns are invocations to the One Divine and to the Divinities of nature, such as the Sun, the Rain, the Wind, the Fire and the Dawn as well as prayers for matrimony, progeny, prosperity, concord, protection, domestic rites and more. The Aranyakas and Upanishads outline the souls evolutionary journey, provide yogic philosophical training and propound realization of mans oneness with Go d as the destiny of all souls. Today, the Vedas are published in Sanskrit, English, French, German and other languages. But it is the popular, metaphysical Upanishads that have been most amply and ably translated.KARMA AND REINCARNATION IN HINDUISMKarmaKarma literally means deed or act, but more broadly describes the principle of cause and effect. Simply stated, karma is the law of implement and re save which governs consciousness. In physics-the study of energy and matter-Sir Isaac Newton postulated that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Push against a wall. Its material is molecularly push button back with a force exactly equal to yours. In metaphysics, karma is the law that states that every mental, emotional and physical act, no matter how insignificant, is projected out into the psychic mind substance and eventually returns to the individual with equal impact.The akashic memory in our higher chakras faithfully records the souls impressions during its series of worldly lives, and in the astral/mental worlds in-between earth existences. Ancient yogis, in psychically studying the time line of cause/effect, assigned three categories to karma. The first is sanchita, the sum total of past karma yet to be resolved. The wink category is prarabdha, that portion of sanchita karma being experienced in the present life. Kriyamana, the tercet type, is karma you are presently creating. However, it must be understood that your past ostracise karma can be altered into a smoother, easier state through the loving, heart-chakra nature, through dharma and sadhana. That is the key of karmic wisdom. Live religiously well and you will create ordained karma for the future and soften negative karma of the past.Truths and Myths About KarmaKarma operates not only individually, but also in ever-enlarging circles of group karma where we participate in the sum karma of quintuple souls. This includes family, community, nation, race and religion, even pl anetary group karma. So if we, individually or collectively, unconditionally love and give, we will be loved and given to. The individuals or groups who act soulfully or maliciously toward us are the fomite of our own karmic creation. The people who manifest your karma are also living through past karma and simultaneously creating future karma. For example, if their karmic pattern did not include miserliness, they would not be involved in your karma of selfishness. Another person may let out some generosity toward you, fulfilling the gifting karma of your past experience. Imagine how intricately interconnected all the cycles of karma are for our planets life forms.ReincarnationThe soul functions with pure(a) continuity in its astral/mental bodies. It is with these sensitive vehicles that we experience ambitiousness or astral worlds during sleep every night. The astral world is equally as solid and beautiful, as varied and comprehensive as the earth dimension-if not much more so. Spiritual growth, psychic development, guidance in matters of governance and commerce, artistic cultivation, inventions and discoveries of medicine, science and technology all continue by astral people who are in-between earthly lives. Many of the Veda hymns compress the assistance of devas advanced astral or mental people. Yet, also in the grey, lower regions of this vast, invisible dimension exist astral people whose present pursuits are base, selfish, even sadistic. Where the person goes in the astral plane at sleep or death is dependent upon his earthly pursuits and the quality of his mind.Because certain(p) root karmas can only be resolved in earth consciousness and because the souls initial realizations of Absolute Reality are only achieved in a physical body, our soul joyously enters other biological body. At the effective time, it is reborn into a flesh body that will best fulfill its karmic pattern. In this process, the current astral body-which is a duplicate of the la st physical form-is sluffed off as a dead shell that in due course disintegrates, and a new astral body develops as the new physical body grows.This entering into some other body is called reincarnation re-occupying the flesh. During our thousands of earth lives, a remarkable variety of life patterns are experienced. We exist as male and female, often switching back and forth from life to life as the nature becomes more sympathetic into a person exhibiting both feminine nurturing and masculine intrepidness. We come to earth as princesses and presidents, as paupers and pirates, as tribals and scientists, as murderers and healers, as atheists and, ultimately, God-Realized sages. We take bodies of every race and live the many religions, faiths and philosophies as the soul gains more noesis and evolutionary experience.Therefore, the Hindu knows that the belief in a single life on earth, followed by eternal joy or pain is dead wrong and causes great anxiety, confusion and fear. Hind us know that all souls reincarnate, take one body and then another, evolving through experience over long periods of time. give care the caterpillars metamorphosis into the butterfly, death doesnt end our existence but frees us to pursue an even greater development.DharmaDharma yields Heavens honor and Earths wealth. What is there then that is more reproductive for a man? There is nothing more rewarding than dharma, nor anything more ruinous than its neglect.When God created the universe, He endowed it with order, with the laws to govern creation. Dharma is Gods divine law prevailing on every level of existence, from the sustaining cosmic order to religious and moral laws which bind us in congruity with that order. Related to the soul, dharma is the mode of conduct most conducive to spiritual advancement, the right and righteous path. It is piety and ethical practice, duty and ob ligation. When we follow dharma, we are in conformity with the Truth that inheres and instructs the u niverse, and we naturally abide in familiarity to God. Adharma is opposition to divine law. Dharma is to the individual what its normal development is to a seedthe orderly fulfillment of an inherent nature and destiny.SIGNIFICANCE OF HINDUISMHinduism is unique among the worlds religions. I boldly proclaim it the oldest religion in the world. To amaze with, it is mankinds oldest spiritual declaration, the very fountainhead of faith on the planet. Hinduisms venerable age has seasoned it to maturity. It is the only religion, to my knowledge, which is not founded in a single historic event or prophet, but which itself issuing recorded history.Hinduism has been called the cradle of spirituality, and the mother of all religions, partially because it has influenced virtually every major religion and partly because it can absorb all other religions, honor and embraces their scriptures, their saints, and their philosophy. This is possible because Hinduism looks compassionately on all genu ine spiritual effort and knows unmistakably that all souls are evolving toward union with the Divine, and all are destined, without exception, to achieve spiritual enlightenment and liberation in this or a future life. Please visit, if you wish to seek further