The Story of Macbeth

In the story of Macbeth, there is a lot of ups and downs that go along. How everyone takes the events that are going on leave determine who are the unanimous ones and who are the weak ones. At one point all of the characters pass on have a flaw which will cause them to act a certain way. Many events that go on shocked, excited, and worried most.Every operation will lead to a deeper event. Although everyone seems to have their head together at the beginning, there is alot of flaws that these characters are not showing right away. Most of these characters will leave and reader at a sharp turning point. These situations that the characters are always falling into are because of the characters poor decisions that leave the character where he/she basenot change or controls certains situations.Macbeths mind set and actions will show how he really feels about certain situations and help a reader escort why Macbeths actions are the way they are. Not notwithstanding Macbeths actions, its Lady Macbeths actions too. No one knows which way to turn to when events start to drop out of nowhere. In the story of Macbeth, you can see that the troubled main character, Macbeth is in situations that you can see his flaws clearly, making this story a tragedy.To start off in at 1 of The Tragedy of Macbeth, the setting is in Scotland. Lady Macbeth comes crosswise the three witches, the Weird Sisters, she had made the witches mad so the witches knew to go by and by her husband. So that is exactly what they did. The witches said they will meet Macbeth when the battles los and won and when reasonable is foul and foul is fair.The witches will tell the characters one social occasion and will think in their head another meaning to what they just said, so the characters will be confused and do or claim the wrong things that will cause a huge situations that can be a life of death situation. For example, when the witches told Macbeth that he will be king, in any case when they to ld him a human cannot harm him till the trees move. Another thing that the witches did was scourge Lady macbeth when she would not give the witches some of her crackers.

General Management Essay

Case on Discomfort in a factory and Management Decision MakingMohan remembered the call from the head office as he puts downward the teleph whiz receiver. His boss fromhead office he said, I just read your analysis and I take you to go down to our make up in Kollakal near Mysore right away. You know we cannot afford this plant any more the costs are just too high. So godown there, check out what would be our mathematical processal costs would be if we move, and stem back to mein a week. Mohan knew the challenge quite well as the offset manager of the Good will Specialty Products.Hiscompany is into manufacturing of special apparel for wound and people with other medical conditions. He makes to deal with high-cost repel in a remote village not so ripe plant, unionized manufac-turing plant. Although he had done the analysis there were 480 people who do a living at this facilityand if it is closed most of them will start it very difficult to get another job in the wee town consisting of about 10 000 people. Instead of the Rs. 20/- per hour salaried to the Kollakal workers the wages paid to the migrant workers near Aurangabad will be much(prenominal) cheaper Rs. /- hour working in sub human conditions. This provides a savingof 15 lakhs to the company for a year, which, can now be uptaked to receive the costs for training, transporta-tion and other matters. After two days of talking with migrator workers association and representatives of other companies usingthe same services in the town, Mohan had enough knowledge to formulate alternative plan for produc-tion and the cost figures for production and transportation. What was bothering him was only the thoughtthat how is handout to handover the termination of service notice to the Kollakal workers.The plant in Kollakal had been in operation since 1930s making special apparel for persons sufferingfrom injuries and other medical conditions. Mohan has ofttimes talked to the employees who would recount stories of their fathers and grant fathers working in the company plant-the last of the original manufactur-ing operations in the town. AN ISO 9001 2008 CERTIFIED INTERNATIONAL B-SCHOOL But friendship aside competitors had already edged past Good will in terms of expense and were dangerous-ly close to overtaking it in product quality.Although Mohan and his Boss had tried to convert the unionto accept the lower wages, union leaders resisted it. In fact, in one occasion when Mohan tried to discussa cell manufacturing approach, which would cross train employees to perform up to three different jobs,local union leaders could barely restrain their anger. except probing beyond their anger Mohan sensed their vulnerability, but could not bust through. Tomorrow he will discuss his report with the CEO. Mohan does not wish to be responsible for disman-tling of the plant at Kollakal, an act, which Mohan believes is personally wrong, but he is helpless.Mo-han said to himself The costs are t oo high, the unions defiant to cooperate, and the company needs tomake a better return on its investment if it has to continue at all. It sounds right, but it feels wrong. Whatshould I do? Questions 1. Assume you want to lead the change to save the Kollkal plant. Describe how you would proceed? 2. What is the primary guinea pig of change needed technology, product, structure or people/culture? 3. What techniques would you use to overcome union resistance and implement change? i need the answers for this case study plz provide me

Caged Bird by Maya Angelou Essay

Question Explore the ways in which the poets in the following verses use mental picturery to natural effect. Use examples from both the poems.Caged snicker by Maya Angelou in the first place the Sun by Charles MungoshiThe poem, Caged Bird by Maya Angelou, dramatizes the inconsistency between the blacks and the whites. As this issue relates to the life of the poet, she expresses her way of thinking done this poem. The poet speaks most two dolls, one which is free, expressing the freedom which the blacks lust, and another a cage ind bird, articulating their genuine standing. The poet puts across her thoughts in order to evoke an emotion of sympathy towards the Afro-Americans, from the readers.To break out a more vivid and an effective outcome, the poet has used non-homogeneous imageries to deport an array of feeling. The poet talks about the liberty of the free bird by saying,dips his wing in the orange cheerfulnesss rays and d atomic number 18s to claim the sky1.This sentence gives us the impression of how the free bird opens its wings and go around in the blue sky, without any obstructions by anyone. This is a desire which the Afro-Americans in the fraternity had, as they were always under restrictions by the whites. In the next stanza, we take in that, Maya speaks of a caged bird that can,seldom see through and through his bars of fiercenesshis wings are clipped and his feet are tied so he opens his throat to sing2.This image of the condition of the caged bird gives us the knowledge that it cannot fly or even walk, on top of it, the bars of the cage makes him furious. The Afro-Americans of the world were in the same position, where the limitations were raising their temper, however they could not comport and fight for their justice.There was a terror in the voice of the caged bird as the poet says that itsings with a fearful trill3.Being restrained from many matters of life, a dread of panic had entered the Afro-Americans. They were ter rified of each and e real scratch of the whites, although they longed for a day when they will gain freedom. caged bird sings of freedom4, through this sentence, the poet compares the caged bird and the Afro-Americans of the society, as both hopes for free will. A very unattackable imagery of the horror of the Afro-Americans is being given in the fifth stanza of the poem. Maya uses the words, stands on the grave of dreams5, to show how the hardships and frustrations of living in a segregated Afro-American community has forced the Afro-Americans to think that their wishes and demands have come to an end, as they are dominated by the rules of white people.An image of a grave tells us that the surrounding is dark, lonely and gloomy therefore we get an impression about the kinds of thoughts which go across in the Afro-American group of peoples minds. They face so much of annoyance and dissatisfaction that, just a incubus can make even their shadows scream of terror. The last stanza o f the poem over again repeats the lines in the trio stanza, emphasizing on the yearning of freedom by the Afro-Americans, though having a dread in them. Therefore, we saw how Maya Angelou has used various effective imageries in conveying the sentiments and emotions of the Afro-Americans.The poem, Before the Sun by Charles Mungoshi, sensationalizes the emotions of a child who is in his childhood, but on the verge of becoming an adult. The male child is on the threshold of maturity. The poet speaks about a child, who is in his adolescence and who is very about to nature. Therefore, the poet uses vivid imageries of nature to convey the thoughts of the boy. The boy communes with nature and the universe. We read the poem through the boys voice.In the first stanza itself, we get the point that the boy is close to the nature. We can see that, the child is waiting for the sun to come up as he says,Intense blue morningpromising early heat6,so that he can have a mod start of the day. The figurative meaning of this would be that, he is waiting for his manhood to come. His childhood is the night, which is innocent of the activities going on in the world, and the sun for which he is waiting is his adulthood, which will bring a new day in his life. This day is revealing, which results in a loss of honour of the night, i.e. the boys childhood, as he will gain experience.The mo stanza is an image, where we visualize the boy cutting a woodwind instrument with an axe. This is a very effective image, as we actually have the vision of cutting of a tree and, the chips flying away. This is shown as Mungoshi says in this stanza,The bright chipsfly from the cracking axe7.The word, arc, is very effective, as it has both, visual and an audible image, of the before long span of time when the axe is whacked on the tree, and the chip of the wood, flies and settles down n the grass, making the shape of an arc in the air. The third stanza has an imagery of a, big log8, of wood being wanted by the boy to cut. A sense of achievement is being shown by Mungoshi, which the boy desires, as he is in his teenage years.The fifth stanza has again a very strong and an effectual imagery of the wood being cut, and form coming out of the wood. The phrase,It sends up a thin spiralof dumbbell which later straightensand flutes outto the distant sky a signal-of some sort,or a sacrificial prayer.9This is a visual image, where the boy tells the readers, that how, when the wood is being cut, the smoke makes a spiral shape and moves up. The words, flutes out, tells us that the smoke makes a sound while going up, which is very quasi(prenominal) to the sound of a flute. The boy considers moving away towards his adulthood by sacrificing his childhood, as a result he says, that the smoke which is going is, a sacrificial prayer.The wood hisses,The sparks fly10,is an imagery of log of woodwind instrument burning in the fire, and the sparks makes a kind of sound. This fire can be the image of a sacrificial fire, as he imagines of sacrificing childhood.The last stanza of the poem has an imagery of the process of eating, as the boy says, taking big pitch bitesone for the sun,one for me11.The last line, two little skeletons in the sun, tells us that the two skeletons are two cobs of maize which the boy was eating, although, this image can be the remains of his childhood, which he sacrificed. Therefore, we see how Charles Mungoshi has used vivid and effective visions and sounds to portray the feelings of the boy in moving towards maturity and adulthood.In the end, it is seen that both the poems have one major theme in common, i.e. the desire of freedom. The Afro-Americans symbolized by the caged bird wants the freedom of rights and speech, and on the other hand the teen boy wants to enjoy the same lack of restrictions enjoyed by the adults. Both of them are impatiently waiting for their freedom.1 Caged Bird, by Maya Angelou Stanza 1, l-32 Caged Bird, by Maya A ngelou Stanza 2, ll-5-63 Caged Bird, by Maya Angelou Stanza 3 l-74 Caged Bird, by Maya Angelou Stanza 3 l-105 Caged Bird, by Maya Angelou Stanza 5 l-146 Before the Sun, by Charles Mungoshi Stanza 1 ll-1-27 Before the Sun, by Charles Mungoshi Stanza 2 ll- 5-68 Before the Sun, by Charles Mungoshi Stanza 3 l-129 Before the Sun, by Charles Mungoshi Stanza 5 ll- 20-2510 Before the Sun, by Charles Mungoshi Stanza 6 ll- 26-2711 Before the Sun, by Charles Mungoshi Stanza 8 ll- 38-41

Drug Abuse in Africa Essay

A fracture from buttnabis scream in northern and grey Africa and hombre chewing in north-eastern Africa, the history of dose misdirect in Africa is relatively short. The convolute of medicates in Africa is nevertheless(prenominal) escalating rapidly from kittynabis hatred to the more(prenominal) dangerous drugs and from limited groups of drug phthisisrs to a wider range of flock ab utilise drugs. The intimately common and available drug of curse is still ganja, which is known to be a contri simplying factor to the occurrence of a schizophrenic- the like psychosis.The trafficking in and affront of cocaine and heroin atomic number 18 the virtually recent developments in whateverwhat African countries that had had no previous experience with these drugs. Efforts should be made to t abateency and go through drug evil assessment programmes to determine the real order and characteristics of the riddle and to monitor its trends. A lack of funds and a short dusk of adequately trained individualnel affirm made it difficult to implement drug abuse manipulate programmes.In addition to statuesque drug control involving the implementation of legislation, there is an informal arrangement of drug abuse control operating through the family, church, school, neighbourhood and work environment, as thoroughly as wellnessy recreational activities. It is suggested that efforts in African countries should be assure towards strengthening not all(prenominal) if the formal drug control system but also informal control in order to ante up for the insufficient funds and the shortage of personnel trained in implementing formal drug control measures.It is very likely that the drug problems in African countries lead worsen in future unless more effective measures ar implemented to arrest the current military post. Introduction Drug abuse is delimitate as excessive or inappropriate use of a psycho-active signification by a person such use bein g considered or judged to be illegal (immoral) by the culture and resulting in harm to the person or society 1 . In defining the phenomenon , therefore , the key decisive is the perception of society of what constitutes drug abuse.It may be stated in general terms that the socio-cultural values and standards relating to drug abuse in Africa suck been weakened by the influence of international developments relating to drug abuse , which cast given rise to the change in what society considers abuse. Historical priming coat The irresponsible use of drugs and alcohol by college bookmans has al counsellings been an issue for university campuses, but the problem has become more and more frequent and has grown in familiarity with every passing generation.In historic(a) years, the problem has not only multiplied in frequency, but has also grown in danger. without delay students atomic number 18 abusing not only recreational drugs like Marijuana and Cocaine, but also prescription dr ugs like Ritalin and others like it such as Adderall. As m whatsoever an(prenominal) as 20 percent of college students have utilise Ritalin or Adderall to study, write papers, and swallow exams (Jacobs 2). Medications like Ritalin are utilise to provide energy and concentration when a person cannot give them through regular means.Students father medication like Ritalin to service them deal with loss of sleep so they can stay up all night to cram and still do well in phase. Students are now using similar medications like Adderall that are released everyplace long periods of magazine so they can keep an energy uplifted throughout an entire day instead of just one or two class periods. On some campuses, if youre not using Ritalin or Adderall, you are just increasing your risk to fall behind. As one capital of South Carolina student said, If you dont take them, youll be at a disadvantage to everyone else (Jacobs 3). This previous statement is unluckily all oo true, these fictitious characters of prescription medications are so popular and commonplace that students attendance certain universities believe that now its almost cool to take them (Jacobs 2). Many college students have come to believe that these drugs are essential to their success, many believe that it can expand their intelligence and give them a encyclopaedism advantage in classes they find difficult. This is false because these medications were only created to help people suffering from A. D. H. D. to maintain concentration and focus on tasks they previously prove overwhelming.The rise in occurrence of disorders such as A. D. H. D. and A. D. D. in past years may have a link to this problem, many teens are diagnosed with financial aid disorders and the commonplace use of medications like Ritalin and Adderall may have led a lot of students to think that taking these drugs is normal. At Columbia University, a student even went as utmost as to say that the culture here actually encour ages people to use stimulants, (Jacobs 2) Doctors have been visual perception a rising amount of young adults who have claimed to have an attention deficit disorder in order to obtain medications to help them in college.Another leading cause of drug abuse is the belief that drug abuse or the non- checkup use of any drug will not have long- tolerateing effects on their health. (Health Services 2) Campus health providers often see students who have over extended themselves by taking as well many pills at once or too often and end up wandering in because they cannot function any further. Surveys and reports have affirm that these forms of drug abuse have more than doubled in the last decade or so. The number of teenagersabusing prescription medications tripled from 1992 to 2003 (Jacobs 2). The ready availability of these drugs has also led to an increase in their wide-spread use, the The abuse of prescription drugshas increased dramatically since the mid-1990s(Leinwand 1).The majo rity of abuse prescription drugs are either received from a friend or acquaintance that has been prescribed the medication or interchange by someone on campus. Although prescription drug use has and then increased Alcohol remains the favored substance by far (Leinwand 1). Reportedly around 50 percent of college students consume alcohol on a regular rump. Although campus authorities have increased their efforts to put a lid on drinking in recent years, in 2005, 83% of campus arrests readd alcohol So despite regular efforts, drinking on college campuses has continued to become progressively more common over the years, it is slightly much expected. Drinking is the college norm almost every college student will consume alcohol before their graduation.Once a student becomes excessively dependent on a substance, like alcohol or Ritalin, they can obtain help and possible treatment through their Universitys health services and offices. Some of the treatments may be medical or involve a rehabilitation center or a student can seek help through a support network like AA or with a group of supporting family or friends. A student can also opt to go speak with a counselor or possibly a professor about their problems in class or their reliance on a substance that they feel is keeping them from failure in their schooling.Substance abuse can terribly intercede with a students ability to attend class and to achieve any type of learning, students should not let themselves be caught in the use or abuse of any such substance and should always be able to deform to a university advisor for help or support. Fellow stdents, advisors, and professors should always denounce an effort to reduce substance abuse on campuses every judgment of conviction they get the observe, because even if it does not end a life, substance abuse can and will destroy a life if it is given the chance and not stopped before it begins.With the exception of north Africa, where marijuana rosin ( ha sheesh) has traditionally been utilize by members of the Sufi sect , east Africa, where the use of computed axial tomography has been institutionalized , and perhaps to the southern Africa , where cannabis (dagger) has been wide utilise 2 , there is no evidence to support the view that the abuse of drugs has been part of the African heritage 3 , 4 . Other psycho-active substances currently being mistreated do not have historical antecedents in any part of Africa.Africans, though deeply religious, have not used drugs as a strong suit in religious rituals, and none of the indigenous herbal psycho-active substances have been used in ceremonies 2 . The stead in Africa and the life-styles of the Africans have drastically changed over the past years under the influence of industrial and urban developments. These developments have, in turn, changed the way in which he Africans achieve ataraxia at present, the easiest way to achieve it is to utilize to psycho-active substances.K hat (Catha edulis), a set up grown mainly in southern Arabia and eastern and southern Africa 5 , first received international attention in 1935 at the League of Nations 6 . The psycho-active effects of big cat chewing , which are derived from cathine and cathinone 7 , are similar to the effects produced by using amphetamines. Within the African region, hombre has been grown and used in Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Somalia and the United Republic of Tanzania.The fact that the pleasing , stimulating and euphoric effects of khat chewing can only be derived from the fresh leaves and shoots of the plant may have contributed to the low popularity of khat as a substance of abuse beyond the local areas of subtlety The plant Cannabis sativa, from which cannabis preparations such as marijuana and hashish are derived, grows chaotic in Africa. Certain evidence suggests that the cultivation of cannabis and its use as a drug of abuse were introduced into Africa from India 8 10 by the Sufi sect and by Asian traders and travellers 9 , 11 .One study indicated that the cannabis plant and its use could have been spread across the Sahara to westbounderly Africa around the one-sixteenth century 8 . There is also evidence suggesting that soldiers returning from the Second mankind War were responsible for the increased incidence of cannabis abuse in west Africa, particularly in Nigeria 2 , 4 . This is supported by the fact that in west Africa there is no known indigenous name for cannabis, nor has it been used there for mystical purposes.This is also supported by research findings indicating that cannabis is an important factor in the occurrence of mental illness in Africa 12 , 13 this factor is much less known in cultures where cannabis has for a long season been consumed 14 . Another possible route was across the Indian Ocean. This may have been the route by which travellers from India brought cannabis from India to east, central and south Africa as early as the mho century, but there is no evidence to suggest that the use of cannabis spread at that time from there to the west coast of Africa.Current drug abuse situation in Africa Because of the lack of information on the subject, an assessment of the extent, patterns and trends of drug abuse in all the countries of Africa is not an easy task. There are no systems for collecting and retrieving data on drug abuse in African countries, and drug abuse assessment projects are urgently needed for all African countries. This article has, to a large extent, been prepared on the basis of data provided by variant workshops and seminars held on the subject in the rail line of the past 12 years. The following paragraphs summarize the drug abuse situation according to the most commonly maltreated substances. Cannabis Cannabis grows wild in most parts of Africa but it is also unlawfully cultivated. It is the most widely abused illicit drug in the region. It appears to be less abused in coun tries of east Africa, such as Ethiopia and Somalia, where the abuse of khat is prevalent. Although cannabis is not indigenous to west Africa, it is illicitly cultivated and widely abused in that part of the continent.In Nigeria, cannabis is predominantly abused by teenagers, who begin using it at the age of 14. The situation in other west African countries is similar. * In particular, the 1974 Workshop of the Association of Psychiatrists in Africa (held at Nairobi, Kenya), the African Seminar on Problems of Drug Dependence (held at Lagos, Nigeria, in 1980) and the World Health Organization Workshop on Prevention and worry of Drug Dependence through Primary Health Care (held at Lagos, Nigeria, in 1985). KhatThe chewing of khat has been practised for years and is, to a large extent, socially accepted in Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar and Somalia some of these countries are introducing control measures to discourage the cultivation and use of khat. Apart from the habitual use of khat, W orkneh 15 reports that it is used by students to improve their academic performance, by truck drivers to keep themselves brace and by labourers to supply the extra vigour and energy they need for their work- It is interest to note that the same reasons have been reported by cannabis users in west Africa.Amphetamines Amphetamines are imported into Africa, although there is no significant medical justification for using these substances. They are often illegally smuggled into African countries, where they eventually find their way into open markets and patent medicine stores. A few countries, such as Somalia, the Sudan and Togo, have not reported any amphetamine-related problems, but there is general consensus that the abuse of amphetamines in Africa is a problem mainly among adolescents and unskilled labourers, such as drivers and farmers. OpiumOpium is reported to have been abused, sometimes in combination with cannabis or alcohol, in Mauritius, mainly among the Chinese ethnic gro up. Cocaine, heroin and lysergic acid diethylamide These drugs are not manufactured in Africa but have been increasingly present in Nigeria and other west African countries, as shown by recent seizures and arrests- The evidence suggests that African, and especially west African countries, are used by drug traffickers as jump points for heroin trafficking from South-East Asia to Europe and North America.It has recently been reported that some Nigerians have been used as carriers of drugs and some have invested in the illicit drug trafficking 16 . Cocaine and heroin have recently been seized for the first time in the Sudan. An increasing abuse of cocaine and heroin has been reported in Nigeria 13 . The abuse of these drugs has also been reported in other African countries such as Kenya, Liberia and Mauritius. Sedative-hypnotic For the purpose of this article , sedative-hypnotics include barbiturates, benzodiazipines and other substances, the abuse of which presents similar problems .These substances are imported for legitimate medical purposes, but reports from various African countries indicate that they have also been abused, especially by women. A study in Nigeria has shown that, in order of magnitude , the abuse of these substances is second in rank following alcohol abuse 13 . Mandrax (methaqualone and diphenhydramine) was commonly abused in Nigeria in the early 1970s, but since it was banned, its abuse has abated 13 . However, some other African countries, such as Swaziland, have reported an increase in the trafficking and abuse of Mandrax.Glue and gaseous state sniffing An increase in the abuse of benzene by inhalation has been reported among Sudanese children 17 . Recent reports from Kenya, Somalia, SwaziIand and Zambia indicate the abuse of glue and petrol by sniffing, though the extent of such abuse varies from country to country. Pela and Ebie 13 highlighted the potential for abuse of volatile solvents in some occupational groups in Nigeria. Mo st recent reports from Ethiopia indicate that the abuse of glue and petrol is prevalent among juveniles.

College Expectations Essay

Every January 1st brings al some another opportunity for people to set goals and seduce new hopes to go through in the family that look outs. Some people make these hopes and dreams in the way of life of resolutions that they will attempt to start or stop doing nearthing in their lives. For most people another new year means another 52 weeks of being scared. Some people are scared of pecuniary situations, some of family situations, and some of the unknowns that lie ahead. At the present clipping in my life I am one year absent from graduating high school.That means that I am only one year away from going to college as well. That brings up many different hopes and fears. The succeeding(prenominal) year will dictate much of what happens to me during the four years that follow my hope is to take all the necessary steps to be qualified to enter the college of my choice. Some beats I get jealous of those students that have to a greater extent money than my family and I do. No t that this means that I live in a bad situation, but it does mean I will have to work harder during high school to get as much fall in and scholarship money as I can for my college education. Much of my time in the next year will be spend preparing for college.That includes applications, campus visits, financial aid and scholarship forms, and eventually leaving home. My college experience will most likely dictate how I will spend the rest of my life. At this layover in my life I must concentrate and hang-up focused. Even when I feel that I do not postulate to continue the applications and essays I must remember what this point in life holds for the rest of my life.

Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 6

Because in that respects no point. Shes as good as dead al busy. Jeannes expression was as heavy andclosedas it had been in the beginning. just now Cant you think? Shed slow us master. in that locations noway she could manoeuver with come by of the closet help. And besides that,P.J. utters shes blind.Blind. A new little shock went though Maggie.What would that be like, to be in this situation andsick and blind on top of it?She tugged on the girls shoulder gently, tryingto see the averted position. nevertheless shes beautiful.The girl had smooth skin the color of c attainee with cream, sensitive features, high cheekb ane and only(a)s, perfectlips. Her black hair was pulled into a loose, glossyk non on her neck. Her eye were shut, dour eye lashes tremblingas if she were dreaming.It was more than just the physical features,though. There was a quiet about this girls baptistery,a gentleness and stillness that was unique.Hey, at that place, Maggie said softly. Can you hear me? Im Maggie. Whats your name?The girls eyelashes fluttered her lips parted. ToMaggies surprise, she murmured fewthing. Maggie had to bleed down close to catch it.Arcadia? she repeated. It was a strange name she wasnt positive(predicate) shed heard right.The girl seemed to nod, murmuring again.She can hear me, Maggie thought. She canrespond.Okay. Can I call you Cady? Listen to me, Cady.Maggie agitate the girls shoulder slightly. Were ina bad place nevertheless were exit to try to escape. If we help you out, do you think you can run?Again, the eyelashes fluttered. Then the eyesopened.Doe eyes, Maggie thought, startled. They wereextraordinarily large and clear, a warm brown withan inward radiance. And they might be blind, stillMaggie had the oddest sensation that she had justbeen seen more clearly than ever onwards in her life.Ill try, Cady murmured. She sounded dazedand in pain, provided quietly rational. Sometimes I qualitystrong for a little while. She pushed herself up . Maggie had to help her set up into a sitting position.Shes tall. alone shes bewitching lightand Ive gotgood muscles. I can support her.What are you doing?Jeanne said in a voice thatwas not just harsh and impatient solely horrified. Dont you see? Youre only making it worse. You should just have let her sleep.Maggie glanced up. Look. I dont know whatyoure thinking, but we cant leave anybody with them. How would you like to be left lav if itwas you?Jeannes face changed. For a significance, she beliefedmore like a savage animal than a girl. Id understand, she snarled. Because thats the way it has to be. Its the law of the jungle, here. Only strong deal survive. The weak ones .She shook her head. Theyre better off dead. And the faster youlearn that, the more chance youll have.Maggie felt a spurt of evil and anger-and,fear. Because Jeanne clearly knew the most about this place, and Jeanne might be right. They mightall thwart caught because of one weak person who wouldnt make it anyway.She turned and looked at the pleasing face again.Arcadia was Miless age, eighteen or nineteen. And although she seemed to hear what Jeanne was saying-shed turned her face that way-she didntspeak or argue. She didnt lose her still gentleness, either.I cant leave her. What if Miles is alive but hurtsomewhere, and somebody wont help him?Maggie shot a glance at P.J. in her baseball cap.She was young-she might be able to dash care ofherself, but that was all.Look, this isnt your problem, she finally saidto Jeanne. You just help P.J. get away safe, okay?You take care of her, and III be responsible for Cady.Youll be caught with Cady, Jeanne said flatly.Dont care about it.Im not. And Im telling you right now Im notgoing to help you if you get in trouble.I dont want you to, Maggie said. She lookedright into Jeannes angry eyes. truly. I dont wantto wreck your chances, okay? But Im not going toleave her.Jeanne looked furious for another mowork forcet pastshe shrugged. All the emo tion drained from herface as if she were deliberately distancing herself.The bond she and Maggie had shared for that brief moment was severed.She turned, looked through a crack behind her,then turned back.Fine, she said in a dull, indifferent tone. Whatever youre going to do, youd better get ready todo it now. Because the place is coming right up.Ready? Maggie said.They were all standing-or crouching, actually,since there wasnt manner to straighten up-withtheir backs against the walls of the cart. Jeanneand P.J. on one side, Maggie on the other, with Cady in the corner.When I say go, you guys jump over here. Thenall of us throw ourselves back that way, Maggie whispered.Jeanne was peering out of the crack. Okay, thisis it, she said. zero(prenominal).Maggie said,GoShe had been a little worried that P.J. would freeze. But the moment the word was out of Maggies mouth, Jeanne launched herself across thecart, crashing heavily into her, and P.J. followed.ThecartrockedsurprisinglyhardandM aggieheard the groan of wood.Back she yelled, and everybody lunged the other way. Maggie hit a solid wall and knew shewould have bruises, but the cart rocked again.Come on she yelled, and realize that they were all already coming on, throwing themselvesto the other side in perfect sync. It was as if someflocking instinct had taken over and they were all trey piteous as one, throwing their weight alter nately back and forth. And the cart was responding, corrasion to a halt and lurching off balance. It was like one of thoseparty tricks where five or six people each use only devil fingers to solicit someone on a chair. Their combined force was impressive.But not enough to tip the cart over. It was surprisingly well-balanced. And at any minute, Maggie realized, the people driving it were going to jumpout and put a stop to it.Everybody-come on Really hard Really hardShe was yelling as if she were encouraging her soccer team. Weve got to do it, now.She launched herself at the other side as the cartbegan to sway that way, saltation as highas shecould, hitting the wallas it reached the distantthestpoint of its rock. She could feel the other girlsflinging themselves with her, she could hear Jeanne giving a primal yell as she crashed into the wood.And then there was a microprocessor chip sound, amazingly loud, amazingly vast. A sort of groaning and shrieking that came from the wood itself, and aneven louder weep of panic that Maggie realizedmust have come from the horses. The whole world was,Run, Maggie thought. Stop facial expression now. Run.She ran into the forest, dragging Cady with her. They had to find a place to hide underbrush or something. Maybe they could climb a tree.But one look at Cady and she realized how stupid thatidea was. The smooth skin of the girls facewas clammy and lambent with sweat, her eyeswere half shut, and her chest was heaving.At least Jeanne and P.J. got away, Maggiethought.Just then there was a crashing behind her, and a voice cursing. Maggie threw another glance backand run aground herself staring at a mans figure in the mist.A chilling man. The mist swirling behind him madehim look eerie, supernatural, but it was more thanthat. He was huge,with shouldersasbroad as a two-by-four, a massive chest, and heavily muscledarms. His waist was surprisingly narrow. His face was cruel.Gavin Ive got two of them he shouted.Maggie didnt wait to hear more. She took offlike a black-tailed deer.And for a long time after that it was just a nightmare of running and world chased, stopping sometimes when she couldnt hold Cady up anymore, looking for places to hide. At one point, she andCady were pressed together inside a hollow tree,trying desperately to get their breath back withoutmaking a sound, when their pursuers passed right by them. Maggie heard the dally and squish offootsteps on ferns and started praying. She couldfeel Cadys heart beating hard, shaking them both, she realized that Cadys lips were moving soundle ssly.Maybe shes praying, too, Maggie thought,t, andapplied her eye to a crack in the tree.There were two people there, horribly close, justa few feet away. One was the man shed seen before he was doing something bizarre, somethingthat sent chills up her spine. He was turning his face this way and that with his eyes shut, his head twisting on a surprisingly long and lissom neck.As if hes smellingus out, Maggie thought, horrified.Eyes still shut, the man said, Do you sense anything?No. I cant feel them at all. And I cant see them,with these trees for cover. It was a younger manwho spoke, a boy really. He must be Gavin, Maggiethought. Gavin had dark light-haired hair, a thin nose, a sharp chin. His voice was impatient.I cant feel them either, the big man said flatly,refusing to be hurried. And thats strange. Theycant have gotten too far away. They must beblocking us.I dont care what theyre doing, Gavin said.Wed better get them back fast. Its not like theywere ordinary slaves. If we don tdeliver that maiden were dead. Youre dead, capital of Switzerland.Maiden? Maggie thought. I bet in a placewhere they have slaves its not weird to talk aboutmaidens. But which girl does he mean? Not meIm not important.Well get her back, Bern was saying.Wed better, Gavin said viciously. Or Im goingto tell her that it was your fault. We were supposedto make sure this didnt happen.It hasnt happened yet, Bern said. He turned onhis heel and walked into the mist. Gavin staredafter him for a moment, and then followed.Maggie let out her breath. She realized that Cadys lips had stopped moving.Lets go, she whispered, and took off in the opposite direction to the one the men had gone.Then there was a time of endless running andpausing and earreach and hiding. The forest was aterrible place. Around them was eerie twilight,made even spookier by the mist that puzzle in hollowsand crept over fallen trees. Maggie felt as if she were in some awful fairy tale. The only good thingwas that the d ampness softened their footsteps,making it hard to track them.But it was so quiet. No ravens, no gray jays. No deer. Just the mist and the trees, going on forever.And then it ended.Maggie and Cady suddenly fall apart out into an-.other meadow. Maggie gavea frantic glancearound, looking for shelter. Nothing. The mist was thinner here, she could see that there were no trees ahead, only an outcrop of rocks.Maybe we should double back.But the voices were shouting in the forest behind them.Above the rocks was a sodding(a) ledge. It lookedlike the end of a path, winding the other way down the mountain.If we could get there, wed be safe, Maggiethought. We could be around the corner in a minute, and out of sight.Dragging Cady, she headed for the rocks. Theydidnt belong here they were huge granite boulders deposited by some old-fashioned glacier. Maggie clambered up the side of one easily, then leaned down.Give me your hand, she said rapidly. There sa path up above us, but weve got to cli mb a little.Cady looked at her.Or-not looked, Maggie supposed. But she turned her face toward Maggie, and once again Maggie had the odd mite that those blind eyescould somehow see better than most peoples.You should leave me, Cady said.Dont be stupid, Maggie said. Hurry up, giveme your hand.Cady shook her head. You go, she said quietly.She seemed completely rational-and absolutely exhausted. She hadnt lost the peace of mind whichhad infused her from the beginning, but now itseemed mixed with a gentle resignation. Her fineboned face was worn with weariness. Ill justslow you down. And if I stay here, youll have moretime to get away.Im not going to leave you Maggie snapped.Come on Arcadia remained for just a second, her faceturned up to Maggies, then her clear and luminousbrown eyes filled. Her expression was one of inexpressible tenderness. Then she shook her headslightly and grabbed Maggies hand-very accurately.Maggie didnt waste. time. She climbed as fastasshe could, pulling Cady, rapping out breathless instructions. But the delay had bell them. She could hear the men getting nearer.And when she reached the far end of the pile ofboulders she byword something that sent shock waves through her system.She was looking up a black cliff face. There wasno connection from the rocks to the ledge above.And below her, the hillside dropped off steeply, ahundred feet down into a gorge.Shed led Cady right into a trap.There was nowhere else to go.

Literature: China Essay

The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the earlier known literary works. This Babylonian desperate poem arises from stories in the Sumerian language. Although the Sumerian stories are older (probably date to at least 2100 B.C.), it was probably composed around 1900 BC. The epic deals with themes of heroism, friendship, loss, and the by-line for eternal life. Different historical periods are reflected in writings. National and tribal sagas, accounts of the origin of the world and of customs, and myths which sometimes carry m viva or unearthly messages predominate in the preurban eras. The epics of Homer, dating from the archean to mid(prenominal)dle agitate age, and the broad Indian epics of a slightly later period, have more tell of deliberate literary authorship, surviving like the older myths through oral tradition for long periods before being written down. As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for defective and philosophical lit in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in quaint China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of originally periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such(prenominal) as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid.Drama and satire besides developed as urban culture provided a larger universe audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was much the speciality of courtyards and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where nervous strains were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs. Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium. In old-fashioned China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the or igin of young paper making and woodblock strikeing, produced one of the worlds first print cultures.1 Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzus The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qians Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China wasthe Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th coulomb BCE historian Zuo Qiuming. In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted.Early genres included manoeuvre, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 150 01000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest unutterable texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 15001000 BCE, and the circum-Vedic texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age.2 The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC proverb the composition and redaction of the two most important Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with ensuant redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD. In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote whole kit and boodle and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. guiltless Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyrical poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to touch on the genre.3Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer and author of the Faust books Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive gothic literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the midst Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, semipolitical and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissan ce as a result of the subterfuge of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and mental form of narrative, the novel, ofwhich early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books. In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and tender nature integrated literature with social and political developments.The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which repossess the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual hear and emotion. But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous reinforcement of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities. genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms, in spite of its fixed formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the utility(a) realities of science fiction. The separation of mainstream and genre forms (including journalism) continued to blur during the period up to our own times. William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary coverage into strong subjective statements after the second World War, and post-modern critics have disparaged the brain of objective realism in general.

Casing Research Essay

plyboardPlywood is a manufacture board. It is utilise to case speakers. Birch-faced ply is a light coloured, high-quality plywood that colour-stains and varnishes easily.CHIPBOARDChipboard is also a manufactured board. It is cheap and will not warp or curl. Chipboard comes in two forms, plain and woodgrain, both(prenominal) of which be usually coated in moldable foil or veneered to improve the finish and looks.MDFMDF (Medium Density Fibreboard) is other manufactured board. It utilize to fabricate boxes, and close-textured MDF is cut and sanded to make mildews for vacuum-clean forming fictiles. MDF moldiness be glued using PVA c arefully and precisely, and requires coating with keystone m any(prenominal) times to give a good finish, as it absorbs liquids readily. whacky Steel mild steel can be found in many different forms. Sheet steel, for example, is made into casings and a mix of brackets an fixings. beady drawn steel is made into round, square, tubular, angled and flat bar versions.Mild steel can be cut and constellation into components that are to be permanently fixed to the proceeds. This is done by welding, brazing and using silver solder.aluminumaluminum is a light metal in its elemental form. It comes in sheet, bright drawn and mild forms (similar to steel) and can be cast. If a real lightweight product is needed, aluminium is the only choice.Aluminium can be joined using nuts and bolts, rivets or epoxy resin glue. Aluminium also is superior, in terms of lifespan, to steel because it has an outer layer of aluminium oxide that prevents it from corroding for a long time. example ResearchThere are many types of plastics used and many forms of manufacture used to construct both industrial and small-scale casings. The two most relevant to my project are acrylics and polystyrene.ACRYLICAcrylic is a rigid, strong and smooth-looking plastic. It comes in many work and forms (e.g. Cast Acrylic). It is durable (10 times the impact resistance of gl ass), and therefore able for outdoor use. Acrylics non-toxic properties make it safe to be used with food or made into a toy however, in the unlikely event that it is broken, it will splinter and expose sharp points. Acrylic becomes tractable when igniteed and can be easily railcard. It is also possible to cementum pieces of acrylic together using methylene chloride glue. When polished, acrylic must be handled carefully as its surface dents and scratches easily.POLYSTYRENEPolystyrene comes in many forms. One much(prenominal) form is a thin sheet of polystyrene that is used in vacuum forming machines to fabricate a casing. It has a low melting point and is sensibly weak, still unlike acrylic it is not brittle. Polystyrene is also an excellent insulator, minimising any chance of electrocution by the product. It can be cut and assembled rapidly, but it takes time, precision care and effort to manufacture a quality product casing.Plastic casings can be made in a variety of ways. Injection moulding is the most common method of manufacturing casings in industry. The machine makes a casing in three stages blackguard 1 The mould is warmed and the thermoplastic substance is placed in the oestrus chamber. tone of voice 2 The thermoplastic is melted and then pushed into the mould by the plunger, which maintains the thrust for a set dwell time to prevent shrunk or fix products from being formed by stopping any molten plastic from returning to the chamber.Step 3 When the plastic has solidified, it is remove from the mould by hand or by a mechanism built in the machine (this is more likely to be found in industry).Casing ResearchVacuum forming is more likely to be used on a smaller scale (e.g. in schools) to produce casings, but is used in industry to make egg boxes and food containers. There is a range of vac. forming machines, but every one works from the same rationale and is designed to1. Seal a plastic sheet on to the vac. chamber.2. warming the plastic s heet.3. Create a vacuum so air wedge presses the heated plastic over the mould.The vac. forming process occurs like soStep 1 The plastic sheet is clamed on top of the machine, resting on the heat resistant silicone rubber pads, after the mould of the desired shape has been placed on the raising platform inside the machine.Step 2 A heating element is pulled across the top of the plastic sheet, heating it until it crinkles, then becomes taught again.Step 3 The platform is raised, and the mould is pushed into the plastic.Step 4 The air is then pumped out of the chamber, and air pressure (now greater than inside the machine) presses the sheet over the mould.Step 5 The sheet is removed from the machine (assisted using a taper, which angles all vertical sides of the casing). Excess plastic is trimmed from the casing.The mould is usually constructed from layers of MDF. It is solid because air pressure given up no resistance can crush hollow moulds. If the mould is in addition far down, webbing (plastic sticking together in corners) occurs, not go forth enough plastic to give a full coating on the mould. The mould is smoothed to avoid bumps and lines on the casing. Air pockets are prevented by drilling holes in the mould, allowing excess air to flow into the vacuum.

Interests of Social Harmony Essay

To quote ass Stuart Mill, The actions of individuals should only be limited to prevent harm to other individuals. detest speech by an individual is something that has an adverse effect on friendship causing mayhem and chaos. Society comprises various individuals as well as the one who gave the speech. So how does Hate Speech affect the society? It does so by harming the individuals of the society and that individual too who delivered the hate speech. I guess all of us will agree to the fact that the makers of our Constitution were thinkers of the very highest kind. Our Constitution is an advocate of subtle restrictions on free speech, and to quote it, Restrictions notify be made on free speech, in the interests of the soereignty and wholeness of India, public order and morality, against contempt of court, defamation or incitement to discourtesy If such(prenominal) great thinkers supported certain restrictions on free speech, what causality do we have to debate upon them?I agr ee with my opponents till the finale that our laws argon a bit subjective in their nature. However, this is no apologize for not having them We cannot not have curbs on free speech as it will only be a recipe for perfect anarchy. Amendments in the Constitution can happen, but removal of such a opposite restriction is too extreme and inhibitory step to take. The carrying out of laws in India is a little weak, however there have been numerable instances in the past where the authorities have shown the laws teeth and prosecuted the delinquent in acts of hate speech. swallow the recent example of AkbaruddinOwaisi who tried to disapprove sentiments of hate in the people of Andhra He has been booked by the law. The third Reich under Adolf Hitler is held responsible for the initiation of the 2nd World War. But what scorn the people of Germany into action? They were the give-and-takes of Adolf Hitler, whose appalling hate speech light-emitting diode to the most heinous of crimes in human history, the genocide and holocaust.The example of the loudness exodus of North-East origin Indians living in other split of the nation, to their hometowns is an alerting and eye opening one. The outrageous fire-like dissemination of the false alarm via the internet begs us to have curbs on free speech Take the example of the 10th article of the European Convention on humankind obligations, Everyone has the right to Freedom of Expression, however, the exercise of these independences, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society. The misuse of the freedom of expression may encroach upon the most fundamental right of all, the Right to Life Something so small like the shouting out of the word fire can cause frenzy in a movie hall. We are talking about a democratic nation over here my friends, something much too big and much t oo fragile.

John Forbes Nash Jr.

John Forbes Nash Jr. is a math vaticination and champion of the recipients of the prestigious Carnegie Prize for Mathematics at Princeton University. While fetching his graduate studies, he met his roomie Charles Herman, a literature student who became his opera hat friend. His eccentric carriage made it difficult for other plurality to clear and relate to him. Nashs obsession in searching for an original intellectualion for his thesis and a place in the student cordial power structure led him to skip screen outes which nearly cost his failure.Fortunately, he was saved by his original query study where he was subject to formulate a theory in mathematical economics known as the model of governing dynamics. After his graduate studies, he doinged at the Massachusetts appoint of Technology (MIT) and selected his friends Sol and Bender to work with him.While teaching a class on Calculus, he met Alicia, a student who later became his wife. While at Princeton, Nash be assume d erratically and became paranoid. This compelled Alicia to call a psychiatrist who forcibly took him to a psychiatric facility. While confined in the facility, Alicia showed Nash the unopened classified documents that he delivered in a drop box. This convinced Nash that he has been hallucinating and his classified work to decode Soviet mess dates was a delusion.William Parcher, a mysterious Department of defense team agent, Charles and Charles niece, Marcee were products of his oral sex. Nash was diagnosed to have paranoid schizophrenia and was treated with a series of insulin nose candy therapy for ten weeks. He was given daily antipsychotic medications that modify his intellect and his relationship with Alicia. Nash became frustrated and secretly discontinued his medications. This triggered a relapse alone he came to realize his psychosis when he saw that Marcee remained at the same age for many years.Nash learned to live with his schizophrenia and ignored his hallucinations. With the permission of Martin Hansen, his old(a) friend and intellectual rival who became the head of mathematics department in Princeton, Nash was given a space in the library to talk to students and size up classes. Eventually, he was able to teach again and was honored in a pen ceremony by his colleagues for his effect and contribution in the battleground of Mathematics. He was also awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in Stockholm for his work on game theory.1. Why did you pick this mental picture?I chose the film A Beautiful Mind non on the basis of knowing anyone who has a similar problem or on my capacity to relate to the psychological issues on a personal experience. I chose this movie because there are some scenes in the film which I find very intriguing and influential. First, there was no family involvement and armorial bearing in his wedding, academic achievements and illness of John Nash. Second, persons with mental disorder get going a stigma during t he early years but John Nashs struggle to be reintegrated in Princeton and in his community was remarkable. Third, his superior achievement despite his mental illness is inspiring. Lastly, the movie was powerful enough to brace the consciousness of people towards understanding the plight of people living schizophrenia.2. What psychological issues are portrayed in this film?The story showed the eccentric look of John Nash. He was unconcern by societys censure of his awkward habits and behavior. His manner of walking and his constant habit of touching his eyebrow became the focus of attention by some students in Princeton.Nash was obsessed with his research work and his standing in the student social hierarchy. He brings his books and cover work while he was at a local suspend with his friends. Although he has few friends at Princeton, he has a strong orientation course to be alone and often preoccupied with his own thoughts which is a constitution feature of an introvert. Na sh also exhibited a type A personality conventionality by being achievement oriented, over involved with work, having a gumption of time urgency, being impatient and angry when confronted with delays or with people whom they assimilate as incompetent.In the movie, Nash manifested visual and auditory hallucinations and paranoia which frightened his wife and affected his government agency at work. He thinks that he is operative for the US National self-abnegation Department and there are Russian spies following him. He interacts with people who only exist in his mind such as his roommate and best friend Charles Herman, US Department of Defense agent William Parcher and Charles youngish niece Marcee.3. What diagnosis (if any) does the main character portray?Dr. Rosen diagnosed John Nash to be afflict with paranoid schizophrenia due to his visual and auditory hallucinations, delusion and paranoia. The diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR defined schizophre nia as a disorder that last for at least 6 months and includes at least 1 month of active-phase symptoms, i.e. two or more of the following delusions, hallucinations, disorganize speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms (American Psychological connecter, 2000).Only one symptom in Criterion A is required if delusions are laughable or hallucinations consist of two or more voices conversing with one some other or voices maintaining a running commentary on the persons behavior or thoughts (ibid.). The continuous signs of his disturbance persisted since he took his Masters level and it continued until he worked at MIT.4. What psychological theory best explains the behavior of the major characters in the film?Incentives are environmental factors such as external stimuli or rewards which motivate our behavior (Skinner, 1953). The theory of motivation, specifically the motivator theory best describe the behavior of John Nash (Westmont College, 2008). N ash was senior highly motivated by the motivator of occupying a place in the student social hierarchy in Princeton University. He was intellectually competitive and the academic incentive pulled him to write an original research paper that would defeat his rival Martin Hansen. His achievements and realization also led to the satisfaction of his need for self esteem. His career emergence and advancement is a realization of his need for self actualization. These needs part comprise Maslows hierarchy of needs (Maslow, 1954)Alicia Nash has an extrovert personality trait. In the movie, she was able to talk to the construction workers to work in another scope so they could have good ventilation and a noise-free classroom environment. This indicates that she interacts head with people and she has the tendency to direct her personality outward the self.Her determination to set off the truth and help her husband John prove that he is working for the National Defense Department shows that she is a woman of action, whose motives are conditioned by external events. Accepting Johns situation and maneuver him towards reintegration manifest that she accommodates readily to new situations. Alicias extrovert personality trait is part of the personality type theory developed by Carl Jung (Jung, 1933).5. found on what you have learned from the movie would you say the film portrays the psychological issue accurately or not? Why?The movie did not portray the psychological issues accurately. Although John Nash manifested two of the characteristic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations as indicated in Criterion A of DSM IV-TR, his hallucinations were not limited to auditory. He has both the visual and auditory hallucinations which are uncommon for schizophrenia.The film showed that the onrush of his mental disorder started during his graduate studies, a period wherein Nash had a high level of academic and occupational achievement. He may not be sociable but his in terpersonal skill is acceptable otherwise, he would have difficulties in developing friendships with some students at Princeton and would not have a relationship with Alicia. Therefore, he has not also met the symptoms for schizophrenia such as social and occupational dysfunction as indicated in Criterion B.Two thoughts came to mind when John Nash said that he is taking a new medication. First, does this implicate that he was on continuous medication since his relapse or has he discontinued taking his medication for many years and decided to punish the newly discovered pill? Second, Nash daily antipsychotic medication affected his intellectual ability and his relationship with Alicia. He was not also able to engage in any occupation. One can only cum up with a conjecture that since Nash was able to teach at Princeton University office that he discontinued his medication and learned to live with his hallucinations.ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric intimacy (2000). Diagnostic and st atistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision). American Psychiatric Association Washington, DC.Jung, C. G. (1933). Psychological types. New York Harcourt Brace and World.Maslow, A.H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New YorkHarper and Row.Skinner, B.F. (1953). science and human behavior. New York Macmillan.Westmont College (2008). Motivation. Retrieved February 1, 2008 from http//www.westmont.edu/_academics/pages/departments/psychology/pages/smith/ge neral/lectureoutlines/11motivation/theoriesmotivation.html

Determination of Rate Law Essay

Abstract A consequence containing kilobyte iodide was mixed with a hydrogen bleach resultant to run across the count uprightness for the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide at room temperature and the activation muscularity, Ea, of the above reaction. Potassium iodide and hydrogen peroxide react according to the following equation We found the experimental regularise law for this reaction to be and the activation energy of the reaction was mensurable to be and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor (A) of . Introduction All chemical reactions require some minimum amount of energy to transform the reactants into products.The pace of the reaction is the rate at which the products are formed from reactants. At constant temperature, the rate of a chemical reaction is constant and can be get holdd by experimentation victimization the general rate law . Varying the temperature at which a particular reaction takes place lurchs the activation energy of the reac tion at the different temperatures. Using a transformed version of the Arrhenius equation the rank of for the reaction and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor can be determined graphically. Methods There were deuce settlements involved in this experiment Solution A comprised of 5.OmL buffer (to alter H+), 0. 3M KI (a source of I-), starch (indicator for I2), 0. 02M sodium thiosulfate (source of thiosulfate ion), and distilled water (to bring the tote up volume to 40. 00mL), while resolving power B contained 0. 1M hydrogen peroxide. In the first of all part of the experiment, we determined the rate law as follows We prepared solutions A and B for each trial using the recommended volumes in disconcert 2 of the lab manual.After preparing the solutions, we utilise separate thermometers to record the temperature of each solution to thenearest 0. 1, ensuring that both solution temperatures did not deviate by much than 0. 5. The data obtained was recorded as Table 1. After record ing the temperatures, my collaborator started the timer on her phone while I poured solution B into the flask containing solution A. The end of the reaction was signaled by the formation of a blue iodine-starch complex in the flask. The amount of iodine produced was calculated using the amount of thiosulfate (limiting reagent in the thiosulfate-iodine reaction) in the solution.After performing all quint trials, the determine obtained for the first three trials were apply to create Table 1a below. These orders were so plan using Graphical Analysis and curve fitted to determine the run of the reaction with respect to iodide as shown on Figure 1a. Table 1b was also created using the values for the last three trials, then plotted on a graph (as shown on Figure 1b) to determine the order of the reaction with respect to hydrogen peroxide and dickens values for the rate constant, .The values for p and q were rounded to the nearest integer and the average of the two values was then calculated to be resulting in the rate law for the of In the second part of the experiment, we determined the activation energy for the rot of hydrogen peroxide using potassium iodide by performing runs homogeneous to part 1, but varying temperatures at which the reaction takes place. For each run, solution A and B were prepared using the recommended values from the lab manual.We then place both solutions in an ice bath (for the first 2 runs) and in a water bath (for the remaining runs) to get their temperatures to the very(prenominal) values as that of the water/ice in the bath. We also used the temperature values suggested in the lab manual. When needed, we increased the temperature by heating the red-hot plate on which we placed our bath of adding ice cubes into the bath. Once the thermometers in each solution and that in the bath reached the desired value, I concurrently noted the time on the lab clock and poured solution B into the flask containing solution B.I recorded t he time from when I poured solution A into B to when I noticed a color change from colorless to purple. I then used the data obtained to plot a graph of ln(k) against the reciprocal of the temperature for all the six runs, plus the average value of k and temperature calculated from the first part of the lab. This graph was then used to determine the activation energy, Ea and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor, A. We report an A value of and an activation energy value of 56. 80kJ/mol. This compares to theoretical value of 56. 5kJ/mol at 0. 53% difference.

Cultural and Political Changes and Continuities in Rome Essay

Rome end-to-end history is often thought of as rather homogeneous antediluvian patriarch artifacts timeless, always the same emphases. But, while there were continuities, there were also interchanges of antithetic sorts in various time periods. Specifically, cultural and political changes in the romish civilization between 100600 CE, the late classical era, included the progress of Christianity and the division of the empire into two halves, while a perseverance was the routine of Latin and Greek as common languages.The first change, Christianity spreading end-to-end the civilization, is sh birth in the development and spread of Greek Jewish-Orthodox and roman letters Catholic lifestyles. Constantine legalized Christianity in the fourth century AD, and soon after, Theodosius made it the empires official religion. All other religions in the empire began to fade away, become discouraged at best. This was all due to the Christian missionaries who travelled the region. later this, as a result, a new controversy arose the classic maven of the separation of church and state. The unified Christian lifestyle was very distinct from the previously religiouslytolerant classical Roman Empire.The next change is that the empire soon snag in half. Rome became simply also large to govern under one governmental body, and so split into the Eastern and Western halves in 284. These two had separate governments and separate religions (Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholicism respectively). Also, the halves were relatively independent from each other, fighting their own battles and having different levels of advancement in science, technology, andmore. This was different from the united empire of cured times. The separation of the halves would eventually create many controversies in the future, especially whether or not they were to aid one another in battle.A continuity of the time period, however, was the use of the common languages Latin and Greek. Latin was known as the original trademark of the Roman Empire and is still associated with it today. (This is similar to the Chinese language ofwhere else?China.) Greek came a bit later, with the spread of Christianity, and became a deary of scholars and politicians. It was originally spread by Alexander the Great. However, all citizens still take to know Latin to be able to communicate commonly passim the empire. Both of these languages were used throughout this time period and this use remained a continuity for the Roman civilization.In conclusion, the cultural and political changes in the Roman Empire between 100600 CE (late classical era) involved the grind away of Christianity and the division of the empire. A continuity was the widespread use of Latin and Greek. These changes and continuities would reach global perception of the Roman Empire for many centuries to come.

Critique of Pure Reason Essay

Immanuel Kant (17241804) is the cardinal figure in modern doctrine. He synthesized early on modern rationalism and empiricism, set the terms for much of ordinal and twentieth century philosophy, and continues to exercise a signifi reart influence at present in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political philosophy, aesthetics, and early(a)(a) fields. The positive idea of Kants faultfinding philosophy especi everyy in his three critiques the reexamination of un every last(predicate)(a)oyed designer (1781, 1787), the Critique of Practical originator (1788), and the Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790) is homo autonomy.He argues that the homophilee taking into custody is the source of the general laws of genius that anatomical structure all our understand and that benevolent causa gives itself the virtuous law, which is our basis for mankind opinion in God, freedom, and immortality. Therefore, scientific association, godliness, and apparitional belief be mutually self- add togetherable and secure because they all rest on the same foundation of human autonomy, which is likewise the final curiosity of nature according to the teleological homo deal of reflecting fancy that Kant introduces to unify the theoretical and practical sectionalisations of his philosophical system.1. Life and whole functions Immanuel Kant was born April 22, 1724 in Konigsberg, near the s forbiddenheastern shore of the Baltic Sea. like a shot Konigsberg has been renamed Kaliningrad and is part of Russia. simply during Kants life clipping Konigsberg was the capitol of East Prussia, and its dominant terminology was German. Though geographically remote from the rest of Prussia and other German cities, Konigsberg was and then a major commercial center, an important military port, and a comparatively cosmopolitan university town.1 Kant was born into an artisan family of modest gist. His dumbfound was a chasten harness maker, and his mother was the daughter of a harness maker, though she was meliorate educated than besides round women of her social class. Kants family was never destitute, hardly his fathers trade was in decline during Kants youth and his p arents at times had to rely on drawn-out family for financial support. Kants parents were Pietist and he attended a Pietist school, the Collegium Fridericianum, from hop ons eight through fifteen.Pietism was an evangelical Lutheran movement that accentuated conversion, reliance on divine grace, the experience of religious emotions, and personal devotion involving regular Bible study, prayer, and introspection. Kant reacted strongly against the forced soul-searching to which he was subjected at the Collegium Fridericianum, in response to which he sought sanctuary in the Latin classics, which were central to the schools curriculum.Later the spring up Kants emphasis on basis and autonomy, preferably than emotion and dependency on all authority or grace, may i n part reflect his youthful reaction against Pietism. exclusively although the young Kant loathed his Pietist schooling, he had stocky respect and admiration for his parents, especially his mother, whose genuine religiosity he describe as non at all enthusiastic. According to his biographer, Manfred Kuehn, Kants parents in all probability influenced him much less through their Pietism than through their artisan value of hard melt, honesty, cleanliness, and independence, which they taught him by example. 2 Kant attended college at the University of Konigsberg, known as the Albertina, where his early interest in classics was quickly superseded by philosophy, which all foremost socio-economic class students studied and which encompassed mathematics and physics as well as logic, metaphysics, ethics, and innate law.Kants philosophy professors exposed him to the approach of Christian Wolff (16791750), whose critical implication of the philosophy of G. W. Leibniz (16461716) was th en very influential in German universities. provided Kant was in like manner exposed to a range of German and British critics of Wolff, and thither were strong doses of Aristotelianism and Pietism represented in the philosophy susceptibility as well. Kants favorite teacher was Martin Knutzen (17131751), a Pietist who was heavily influenced by some(prenominal) Wolff and the English philosopher John Locke (16321704).Knutzen introduced Kant to the work of Isaac in the buffton (16421727), and his influence is evident in Kants start promulgated work, Thoughts on the True theme of Living Forces (1747), which was a critical attempt to mediate a altercate in natural philosophy between Leibnizians and Newtonians over the proper bar of force. After college Kant spent six years as a reclusive tutor to young children outside Konigsberg. By this time both of his parents had died and Kants finances were not yet secure enough for him to pursue an academic career.He finally returned to K onigsberg in 1754 and began teaching at the Albertina the following year. For the following four decades Kant taught philosophy in that respect, until his retirement from teaching in 1796 at the age of s correctty- both. Kant had a burst of publishing activity in the years subsequently he returned from working as a private tutor. In 1754 and 1755 he published three scientific works one of which, Universal intrinsic memorial and Theory of the Heavens (1755), was a major arrest in which, among other things, he developed what later became known as the nebulose hypothesis about the formation of the solar system.Unfortunately, the printer went bankrupt and the disc had little immediate impact. To secure qualifications for teaching at the university, Kant withal wrote two Latin harangues the first, entitled Concise Outline of Some Reflections on leaven (1755), earned him the Magister degree and the plump for, New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical comprehen sion (1755), entitled him to teach as an unsalaried proofreader.The following year he published another Latin work, The Employment in Natural ism of Metaphysics Combined with Geometry, of Which Sample I Contains the Physical Monadology (1756), in hopes of succeeding Knutzen as associate professor of logic and metaphysics, though Kant failed to secure this position. Both the New Elucidation, which was Kants first work concerned generally with metaphysics, and the Physical Monadology get along develop the position on the interaction of finite substances that he first outlined in Living Forces. Both works depart from Leibniz-Wolffian watch overs, though not radically.The New Elucidation in particular enters the influence of Christian August Crusius (17151775), a German critic of Wolff. 3 As an unsalaried teaser at the Albertina Kant was paid directly by the students who attended his lectures, so he needed to teach an enormous amount and to attract m whatever students in erect to earn a living. Kant held this position from 1755 to 1770, during which check he would lecture an average of twenty hours per week on logic, metaphysics, and ethics, as well as mathematics, physics, and physical geography.In his lectures Kant used textbooks by Wolffian authors such as black lovage Gottlieb Baumgarten (17141762) and Georg Friedrich Meier (17181777), merely he followed them loosely and used them to structure his own reflections, which pull on a wide range of ideas of contemporary interest. These ideas often stem from British sentimentalist philosophers such as David Hume (17111776) and Francis Hutcheson (16941747), roughly of whose texts were translated into German in the mid-1750s and from the Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (17121778), who published a flurry of works in the early 1760s.From early in his career Kant was a popular and favored lecturer. He also quickly developed a local repute as a promising young intellect and cut a dashing figure in Ko nigsberg society. After several years of coitus quiet, Kant unleashed another burst of publications in 17621764, including five philosophical works. The False ghost of the Four Syllogistic Figures (1762) rehearses reflections of Aristotelian logic that were developed by other German philosophers.The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God (17623) is a major book in which Kant drew on his earlier work in Universal register and New Elucidation to develop an passkey argument for Gods existence as a condition of the internal possibility of all things, while criticizing other arguments for Gods existence. The book attracted several positive and some negative reviews.In 1762 Kant also submitted an essay entitled dubiousness Concerning the Distinctness of the Principles of Natural Theology and Morality to a prize argument by the Prussian Royal Academy, though Kants submission took second prize to Moses Mendelssohns winning essay (and was publishe d with it in 1764). Kants regard Essay, as it is known, departs more signifi rumptly from Leibniz-Wolffian views than his earlier work and also contains his first extended discussion of moral philosophy in print.The Prize Essay draws on British sources to criticize German rationalism in two respects first, drawing on Newton, Kant distinguishes between the methods of mathematics and philosophy and second, drawing on Hutcheson, he claims that an unanalysable feeling of the good supplies the material limit of our moral obligations, which cannot be demonstrated in a sublimately happy way of life from the formal principle of beau ideal just (2299).4 These themes reappear in the Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Magnitudes into Philosophy (1763), whose important thesis, however, is that the true(a) opposition of conflicting forces, as in causal relations, is not reducible to the logical relation of contradiction, as Leibnizians held. In Negative Magnitudes Kant also ar gues that the worship of an action is a function of the internal forces that motivate one to act, kind of than of the external (physical) actions or their consequences.Finally, Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime (1764) deals mainly with alleged differences in the tastes of men and women and of people from antithetical cultures. After it was published, Kant change his own interleaved copy of this book with (often un link) handwritten remarks, many of which reflect the duncish influence of Rousseau on his thinking about moral philosophy in the mid-1760s. These works helped to secure Kant a broader reputation in Germany, but for the most part they were not strikingly original.Like other German philosophers at the time, Kants early works are generally concerned with utilise insights from British empiricist authors to reform or broaden the German rationalist usance without radically undermining its foundations. While some of his early works tend to empha size rationalist ideas, others put on a more empiricist emphasis. During this time Kant was striving to work out an independent position, but before the 1770s his views remained fluid. In 1766 Kant published his first work concerned with the possibility of metaphysics, which later became a central subject area of his mature philosophy.Dreams of a Spirit-Seer Elucidated by Dreams of Metaphysics, which he wrote before long later on publishing a short Essay on Maladies of the Mind (1764), was occasioned by Kants fascination with the Swedish visionary Emanuel Swedenborg (16881772), who claimed to have insight into a spirit innovation that enabled him to make a series of apparently terrific predictions. In this curious work Kant satirically compares Swedenborgs spirit-visions to the belief of rationalist metaphysicians in an immaterial soul that go aways death, and he concludes that philosophical knowledge of either is impossible because human resolve is limited to experience.The skeptical tone of Dreams is tempered, however, by Kants suggestion that moral faith nevertheless supports belief in an immaterial and immortal soul, even if it is not possible to attain metaphysical knowledge in this domain (2373). In 1770, at the age of forty-six, Kant was name to the guide in logic and metaphysics at the Albertina, after teaching for fifteen years as an unsalaried lecturer and working since 1766 as a sublibrarian to supplement his in lie with. Kant was turned down for the same position in 1758.solely later, as his reputation grew, he declined chairs in philosophy at Erlangen (1769) and Jena (1770) in hopes of obtaining one in Konigsberg. After Kant was finally promoted, he gradually extended his repertoire of lectures to include anthropology (Kants was the first such course in Germany and became very popular), rational theology, pedagogy, natural right, and even mineralogy and military fortifications. In order to inaugurate his new position, Kant also wrote one more Latin dissertation Concerning the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World (1770), which is known as the inaugural address.The Inaugural Dissertation departs more radically from both Wolffian rationalism and British sentimentalism than Kants earlier work. Inspired by Crusius and the Swiss natural philosopher Johann Heinrich fifty (17281777), Kant distinguishes between two fundamental conditions of cognition, sensitiveness and understanding (intelligence), where the Leibniz-Wolffians regarded understanding (intellect) as the guidely fundamental power.Kant therefore rejects the rationalist view that sensibility is that a confused species of adroit cognition, and he replaces this with his own view that sensibility is different from understanding and brings to perception its own subjective forms of space and time a view that developed out of Kants earlier criticism of Leibnizs relational view of space in Concerning the Ultimate dry land of the Differe ntiation of Directions in Space (1768).Moreover, as the title of the Inaugural Dissertation indicates, Kant argues that sensibility and understanding are directed at two different worlds sensibility gives us access to the fairish world, while understanding enables us to grasp a distinct comprehendible world. These two worlds are related in that what the understanding grasps in the pellucid world is the paradigm of NOUMENAL PERFECTION, which is a common measure for all other things in so far-off as they are tangibleities. Considered theoretically, this understandable paradigm of perfection is God considered practically, it is moralistic PERFECTION (2396).The Inaugural Dissertation thus develops a form of naive realism and it rejects the view of British sentimentalists that moral judgments are based on feelings of pleasure or pain, since Kant now holds that moral judgments are based on minute understanding alone. After 1770 Kant never surrendered the views that sensibility and understanding are distinct powers of cognition, that space and time are subjective forms of human sensibility, and that moral judgments are based on pure understanding (or drive) alone. just his embrace of naturalism in the Inaugural Dissertation was short-lived. He soon denied that our understanding is overt of insight into an lucid world, which cleared the path toward his mature position in the Critique of Pure causal agent (1781), according to which the understanding (like sensibility) supplies forms that structure our experience of the cognizant world, to which human knowledge is limited, while the intelligible (or noumenal) world is strictly unknowable to us.Kant spent a decade working on the Critique of Pure Reason and published nothing else of significance between 1770 and 1781. that its publication marked the beginning of another burst of activity that produced Kants most important and enduring works. Because early reviews of the Critique of Pure Reason were few and (in Kants judgment) uncomprehending, he tried to clarify its main points in the much shorter Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to pose Forward as a Science (1783).Among the major books that rapidly followed are the stand of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), Kants main work on the fundamental principle of morality the Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science (1786), his main work on natural philosophy in what scholars call his critical period (17811798) the second and substantially revised edition of the Critique of Pure Reason (1787) the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), a fuller discussion of topics in moral philosophy that builds on (and in some ways revises) the Groundwork and the Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790), which deals with aesthetics and teleology.Kant also published a number of important essays in this period, including Idea for a Universal narration With a Cosmopolitan Aim (1784) and Conjectural Beginning of Human History (1786 ), his main contributions to the philosophy of history An Answer to the Question What is sense? (1784), which broaches some of the key ideas of his later political essays and What Does it Mean to Orient singleself in thinking? (1786), Kants intervention in the pantheism controversy that raged in German clever circles after F. H. Jacobi (17431819) accused the recently deceased G. E.Lessing (17291781) of Spinozism. With these works Kant secured international fame and came to overleap German philosophy in the late 1780s. besides in 1790 he announced that the Critique of the Power of Judgment brought his critical enterp betterment to an end (5170). By then K. L. Reinhold (17581823), whose Letters on the Kantian Philosophy (1786) popularized Kants moral and religious ideas, had been installed (in 1787) in a chair devoted to Kantian philosophy at Jena, which was more centrally located than Konigsberg and rapidly exploitation into the focal point of the next phase in German intellec tual history.Reinhold soon began to criticize and move away from Kants views. In 1794 his chair at Jena passed to J. G. Fichte, who had visited the master in Konigsberg and whose first book, Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation (1792), was published anonymously and initially false for a work by Kant himself. This catapulted Fichte to fame, but he too soon moved away from Kant and developed an original position quite at odds with Kants, which Kant finally repudiated publicly in 1799 (12370371). Yet while German philosophy moved on to assess and respond to Kants legacy, Kant himself move publishing important works in the 1790s.Among these are Religion in spite of appearance the Boundaries of Mere Reason (1793), which drew a censure from the Prussian pouf when Kant published the book after its second essay was rejected by the censor The Conflict of the Faculties (1798), a collection of essays inspired by Kants troubles with the censor and dealing with the relationship between th e philosophical and theological faculties of the university On the Common SayingThat May be Correct in Theory, solely it is of No Use in Practice (1793), Toward Perpetual Peace (1795), and the belief of Right, the first part of the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), Kants main works in political philosophy the Doctrine of Virtue, the second part of the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), a catalogue of duties that Kant had been planning for more than thirty years and Anthropology From a pragmatic sanction Point of View (1798), based on Kants anthropology lectures.Several other compilations of Kants lecture notes from other courses were published later, but these were not alert by Kant himself. Kant retired from teaching in 1796. For nearly two decades he had lived a highly disciplined life focused primarily on end his philosophical system, which began to take definite shape in his mind only in middle age.After retiring he came to believe that there was a gap in this system separating the m etaphysical foundations of natural recognition from physics itself, and he set out to close this gap in a series of notes that postulate the existence of an ether or thermal matter. These notes, known as the Opus Postumum, remained unfinished and unpublished in Kants lifetime, and scholars disagree on their significance and relation to his earlier work. It is clear, however, that these late notes show unmistakable signs of Kants mental decline, which became tragically precipitous most 1800. Kant died February 12, 1804, just short of his eightieth birthday. 2. Kants project in the Critique of Pure Reason.The main topic of the Critique of Pure Reason is the possibility of metaphysics, mute in a specific way. Kant defines metaphysics in terms of the cognitions after which reason might strive independently of all experience, and his goal in the book is to reach a decision about the possibility or impossibleness of a metaphysics in general, and the determination of its sources, as we ll as its termination and boundaries, all, however, from principles (Axii. See also Bxiv and 4255257). Thus metaphysics for Kant concerns a priori knowledge, or knowledge whose justification does not depend on experience and he associates a priori knowledge with reason.The project of the Critique is to examine whether, how, and to what extent human reason is capable of a priori knowledge. 2. 1 The crisis of the Enlightenment To understand the project of the Critique better, let us consider the historical and intellectual context in which it was written. 5 Kant wrote the Critique toward the end of the Enlightenment, which was then in a state of crisis. Hindsight enables us to chequer that the 1780s was a transitional decade in which the pagan balance shifted decisively away from the Enlightenment toward Romanticism, but of course Kant did not have the benefit of such hindsight. The Enlightenment was a reaction to the rise and successes of modern science in the sixteenth and sevent eenth centuries.The spectacular movement of Newton in particular engendered widespread confidence and optimism about the power of human reason to control nature and to improve human life. One effect of this new confidence in reason was that tralatitious political science were increasingly questioned. For why should we need political or religious government to tell us how to live or what to believe, if each of us has the cognitive content to figure these things out for ourselves?Kant expresses this Enlightenment commitment to the sovereignty of reason in the Critique Our age is the age of criticism, to which everything must submit. Religion through its godliness and legislation through its majesty commonly seek to exempt themselves from it.But in this way they excite a just suspicion against themselves, and cannot personate claim to that unfeigned respect that reason grants only to that which has been able to arrest its free and public examination (Axi). Enlightenment is about thinking for oneself rather than letting others think for you, according to What is Enlightenment? (835).In this essay, Kant also expresses the Enlightenment faith in the inevitability of progress. A few independent thinkers forget gradually inspire a broader cultural movement, which ultimately will tame to greater freedom of action and governmental reform. A culture of discernment is almost inevitable if only there is freedom to make public use of ones reason in all matters (836).The fuss is that to some it seemed unclear whether progress would in fact ensue if reason enjoyed full sovereignty over traditional authorities or whether unaided reasoning would instead lead straight to materialism, fatalism, atheism, skepticism (Bxxxiv), or even libertinism and authoritarianism (8146). The Enlightenment commitment to the sovereignty of reason was tied to the expected value that it would not lead to any of these consequences but instead would support definite key beliefs that tradi tion had always sanctioned. Crucially, these included belief in God, the soul, freedom, and the compatibility of science with morality and religion.Although a few intellectuals rejected some or all of these beliefs, the general spirit of the Enlightenment was not so radical. The Enlightenment was about replacing traditional authorities with the authority of individual human reason, but it was not about overturning traditional moral and religious beliefs. Yet the original inspiration for the Enlightenment was the new physics, which was mechanistic. If nature is all governed by mechanistic, causal laws, then it may seem that there is no room for freedom, a soul, or anything but matter in motion. This threatened the traditional view that morality requires freedom. We must be free in order to take aim what is right over what is wrong, because otherwise we cannot be held responsible.It also threatened the traditional religious belief in a soul that can survive death or be resurrected i n an afterlife. So modern science, the fleece of the Enlightenment, the source of its optimism about the powers of human reason, threatened to undermine traditional moral and religious beliefs that free rational thought was expected to support. This was the main intellectual crisis of the Enlightenment. The Critique of Pure Reason is Kants response to this crisis. Its main topic is metaphysics because, for Kant, metaphysics is the domain of reason it is the inventory of all we possess through pure reason, ordered systematically (Axx) and the authority of reason was in question.Kants main goal is to show that a critique of reason by reason itself, unaided and unrestrained by traditional authorities, establishes a secure and consistent basis for both Newtonian science and traditional morality and religion. In other words, free rational inquiry adequately supports all of these immanent human interests and shows them to be mutually consistent. So reason deserves the sovereignty attr ibuted to it by the Enlightenment. 2. 2 Kants Copernican revolution in philosophy To see how Kant attempts to achieve this goal in the Critique, it helps to reflect on his grounds for rejecting the realness of the Inaugural Dissertation. In a way the Inaugural Dissertation also tries to reconcile Newtonian science with traditional morality and religion, but its system is different from that of the Critique.According to the Inaugural Dissertation, Newtonian science is true of the assured world, to which sensibility gives us access and the understanding grasps principles of divine and moral perfection in a distinct intelligible world, which are paradigms for measuring everything in the rational world. So on this view our knowledge of the intelligible world is a priori because it does not depend on sensibility, and this a priori knowledge furnishes principles for settle the sensible world because in some way the sensible world itself conforms to or imitates the intelligible world. Soon after writing the Inaugural Dissertation, however, Kant verbalized doubts about this view.As he explained in a February 21, 1772 letter to his wizard and former student, Marcus Herz In my dissertation I was content to explain the nature of intellectual representations in a merely negative way, namely, to state that they were not modifications of the soul brought about by the object. However, I silently passed over the advertise question of how a representation that refers to an object without being in any way yarn-dyeed by it can be possible. By what kernel are these intellectual representations given to us, if not by the way in which they affect us? And if such intellectual representations depend on our inner activity, whence comes the agreement that they are supposed to have with objects objects that are nevertheless not possibly produced thereby?As to how my understanding may form for itself concepts of things alone a priori, with which concepts the things must neces sarily agree, and as to how my understanding may formulate real principles concerning the possibility of such concepts, with which principles experience must be in exact agreement and which nevertheless are independent of experience this question, of how the faculty of understanding achieves this conformity with the things themselves, is still left in a state of obscurity. (10cxxx131)Here Kant entertains doubts about how a priori knowledge of an intelligible world would be possible. The position of the Inaugural Dissertation is that the intelligible world is independent of the human understanding and of the sensible world, both of which (in different ways) conform to the intelligible world.But, release aside questions about what it means for the sensible world to conform to an intelligible world, how is it possible for the human understanding to conform to or grasp an intelligible world? If the intelligible world is independent of our understanding, then it seems that we could gra sp it only if we are passively change by it in some way. But for Kant sensibility is our passive or receptive capacity to be affected by objects that are independent of us (2392, A51/B75). So the only way we could grasp an intelligible world that is independent of us is through sensibility, which means that our knowledge of it could not be a priori. The pure understanding alone could at best enable us to form representations of an intelligible world.But since these intellectual representations would entirely depend on our inner activity, as Kant says to Herz, we have no good reason to believe that they conform to an independent intelligible world. Such a priori intellectual representations could well be figments of the brain that do not correspond to anything independent of the human mind. In any case, it is completely mysterious how there might come to be a residue between purely intellectual representations and an independent intelligible world. Kants outline in the Critique is convertible to that of the Inaugural Dissertation in that both works attempt to reconcile modern science with traditional morality and religion by relegating them to distinct sensible and intelligible worlds, respectively.But the Critique gives a far more modest and yet subversive account of a priori knowledge. As Kants letter to Herz suggests, the main line with his view in the Inaugural Dissertation is that it tries to explain the possibility of a priori knowledge about a world that is entirely independent of the human mind. This turned out to be a dead end, and Kant never again maintained that we can have a priori knowledge about an intelligible world precisely because such a world would be entirely independent of us. However, Kants revolutionary position in the Critique is that we can have a priori knowledge about the general structure of the sensible world because it is not entirely independent of the human mind.The sensible world, or the world of appearances, is constructe d by the human mind from a combination of sensory(a) matter that we receive passively and a priori forms that are supplied by our cognitive faculties. We can have a priori knowledge only about aspects of the sensible world that reflect the a priori forms supplied by our cognitive faculties. In Kants words, we can cognize of things a priori only what we ourselves have put into them (Bxviii). So according to the Critique, a priori knowledge is possible only if and to the extent that the sensible world itself depends on the way the human mind structures its experience.Kant characterizes this new constructivist view of experience in the Critique through an analogy with the revolution wrought by Copernicus in astronomy Up to now it has been come ind that all our cognition must conform to the objects but all attempts to find out something about them a priori through concepts that would extend our cognition have, on this presupposition, come to nothing. Hence let us once try whether we do not get farther with the problems of metaphysics by assuming that the objects must conform to our cognition, which would agree better with the requested possibility of an a priori cognition of them, which is to establish something about objects before they are given to us.This would be just like the first thoughts of Copernicus, who, when he did not make good progress in the exposition of the celestial motions if he assumed that the entire celestial host revolves around the observer, tried to see if he might not have greater success if he made the observer revolve and left the stars at rest.Now in metaphysics we can try in a similar way regarding the intuition of objects. If intuition has to conform to the constitution of the objects, then I do not see how we can know anything of them a priori but if the object (as an object of the senses) conforms to the constitution of our faculty of intuition, then I can very well represent this possibility to myself. Yet because I cannot cl oture with these intuitions, if they are to become cognitions, but must refer them as representations to something as their object and determine this object through them, I can assume either that the concepts through which I bring about this determination also con.